﻿346 
  

  

  BRITISH 
  LEPIDOPTEEA. 
  

  

  that 
  the 
  work 
  of 
  a 
  larva 
  "causes 
  the 
  shoot 
  to 
  droop, 
  when 
  it 
  is 
  quickly 
  

   hidden 
  by 
  the 
  young 
  plant," 
  but 
  this 
  is 
  hardly 
  so, 
  for 
  the 
  bud 
  of 
  the 
  main 
  

   shoot, 
  even 
  when 
  almost 
  cleared 
  out, 
  remains 
  enclosed 
  in 
  two 
  upright 
  

   folded 
  leaves, 
  which 
  do 
  not 
  droop, 
  although 
  the 
  growing 
  is 
  very 
  effectively 
  

   stopped, 
  and 
  the 
  attacked 
  shoots 
  are 
  usually 
  exposed, 
  not 
  hidden, 
  pupa- 
  

   tion 
  taking 
  place 
  before 
  the 
  unattacked 
  lateral 
  shoots 
  are 
  tall 
  enough 
  to 
  

   hide 
  those 
  in 
  which 
  the 
  larvae 
  have 
  fed. 
  Hofmann 
  writes 
  (Woch. 
  fur 
  

   Ent., 
  iii., 
  p. 
  307) 
  that 
  the 
  little 
  larvae 
  of 
  the 
  spring 
  generation, 
  are 
  found 
  

   from 
  April 
  25th 
  to 
  May 
  18th, 
  deep 
  in 
  their 
  burrows 
  in 
  the 
  central 
  shoots 
  

   of 
  Scabiosa 
  columbaria, 
  which, 
  he 
  says, 
  they 
  forsake 
  later 
  in 
  order 
  to 
  live 
  

   openly 
  on 
  the 
  leaves. 
  Gregson 
  makes 
  (Ent., 
  xviii., 
  p. 
  150) 
  a 
  similar 
  

   observation, 
  viz., 
  that 
  the 
  young 
  larvae 
  eat 
  into 
  the 
  central 
  unopened 
  

   leaves 
  of 
  Scabiosa 
  succisa, 
  and 
  later 
  eat 
  the 
  radical 
  leaves. 
  We 
  have 
  

   never 
  been 
  able 
  to 
  confirm 
  this 
  external 
  mode 
  of 
  feeding 
  in 
  nature,, 
  

   although 
  we 
  have 
  found 
  an 
  abundance 
  of 
  fullfed 
  larvae 
  in 
  the 
  mines. 
  

   The 
  moths 
  from 
  these 
  larvae 
  appear 
  from 
  May 
  to 
  early 
  July. 
  The 
  feed- 
  

   ing-habits 
  of 
  the 
  second 
  brood 
  are 
  entirely 
  different, 
  although 
  little 
  again 
  

   is 
  known 
  of 
  the 
  life-history 
  of 
  this 
  brood. 
  Chapman 
  notes 
  that 
  a 
  plant, 
  on 
  

   which 
  eggs 
  must 
  have 
  been 
  deposited 
  , 
  was 
  sleeved 
  on 
  July 
  4 
  th 
  , 
  1 
  904, 
  and 
  on 
  

   August 
  13th 
  he 
  found 
  pupae, 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  living 
  and 
  dead 
  moths, 
  therein. 
  

   Examination 
  showed 
  that 
  the 
  tips 
  of 
  all 
  the 
  branches 
  were 
  dead, 
  that 
  they 
  

   had 
  been 
  mined 
  inside, 
  the 
  cavity 
  extending 
  into 
  the 
  living 
  tissue 
  ; 
  in 
  

   one 
  case 
  the 
  cavity 
  was 
  very 
  large, 
  suggesting 
  that 
  the 
  larva 
  was 
  

   very 
  large 
  before 
  it 
  left 
  it 
  (quite 
  half-grown) 
  and 
  had 
  a 
  hole 
  attached 
  

   much 
  like 
  that 
  of 
  Adaina 
  uticrodactyla, 
  whilst 
  those 
  of 
  the 
  others 
  

   were 
  smaller. 
  One 
  living 
  and 
  one 
  dead 
  imago, 
  and 
  two 
  empty 
  

   and 
  two 
  full 
  pupa-cases, 
  were 
  on 
  the 
  muslin 
  on 
  August 
  13th, 
  but 
  

   the 
  two 
  living 
  pupae 
  yielded 
  imagines 
  the 
  next 
  day. 
  The 
  

   suggestion, 
  therefore, 
  is 
  that 
  the 
  larvae 
  finally 
  fed 
  up 
  externally. 
  

   The 
  habits 
  of 
  the 
  larvae 
  of 
  the 
  next 
  brood 
  are 
  the 
  best 
  

   known. 
  Larvae, 
  hatched 
  on 
  August 
  31st, 
  1904, 
  and 
  following 
  days, 
  

   disappeared 
  at 
  once 
  between 
  the 
  florets 
  and 
  flower- 
  head 
  ; 
  by 
  

   September 
  5th, 
  several 
  florets 
  on 
  one 
  or 
  two 
  heads 
  looked 
  very 
  

   unhappy 
  ; 
  some 
  half-dozen 
  larvae 
  also 
  were 
  mining 
  in 
  the 
  leaves 
  near 
  

   the 
  flower-heads 
  (not 
  the 
  lower 
  larger 
  leaves), 
  either 
  from 
  eggs 
  on 
  stems 
  

   overlooked, 
  or 
  wanderers 
  from 
  the 
  overstocked 
  flower-heads. 
  By 
  

   September 
  8th, 
  the 
  florets 
  in 
  many 
  places 
  obviously 
  failing, 
  only 
  a 
  few 
  

   coming 
  out 
  well, 
  larva? 
  were 
  now 
  visible 
  elsewhere 
  on 
  the 
  plant 
  mining 
  

   in 
  several 
  of 
  the 
  narrow 
  stem-leaves, 
  generally 
  in 
  direction 
  from 
  tip 
  to 
  

   base. 
  On 
  September 
  12th, 
  ayounglarva 
  was 
  noticed 
  walking 
  down 
  flower- 
  

   stem 
  (it 
  w 
  T 
  as 
  w 
  7 
  ell 
  grown 
  in 
  first 
  instar) 
  ; 
  two 
  heads 
  have 
  the 
  stem 
  beneath 
  

   them 
  dying, 
  and 
  are 
  drooping, 
  one 
  of 
  these 
  is 
  found 
  to 
  be 
  drying 
  up, 
  

   and 
  has 
  the 
  receptacle 
  well 
  mined 
  by 
  larvae, 
  but 
  all 
  have 
  gone. 
  The 
  other 
  

   is 
  less 
  dry, 
  but 
  the 
  larvae 
  have 
  all 
  gone 
  except 
  one 
  that 
  is 
  fullgrown 
  in 
  first 
  

   skin 
  , 
  and 
  that 
  is 
  mining 
  into 
  the 
  stem. 
  The 
  leaves 
  or 
  flower-stems 
  seem 
  to 
  

   have 
  more 
  miners 
  than 
  they 
  had 
  ; 
  the 
  larvae 
  in 
  them, 
  seen 
  against 
  the 
  

   light, 
  are 
  growing, 
  but 
  not 
  fullgrown, 
  in 
  first 
  skin. 
  On 
  September 
  

   16th, 
  a 
  flower-head 
  is 
  seen 
  to 
  be 
  drooping. 
  This 
  is 
  a 
  rather 
  small 
  

   flower-head 
  with 
  abundant 
  eggshells. 
  It 
  looks 
  all 
  right, 
  though 
  it 
  has 
  

   not 
  developed 
  at 
  all 
  for 
  a 
  week 
  or 
  more 
  ; 
  the 
  stem 
  for 
  an 
  inch 
  below 
  

   it 
  seems 
  all 
  right, 
  but, 
  at 
  the 
  node 
  below, 
  and 
  for 
  some 
  distance 
  above, 
  

   it 
  is 
  withered. 
  The 
  flower-head, 
  when 
  opened, 
  has 
  had 
  the 
  interior, 
  

   especially 
  the 
  layer 
  of 
  ovaries, 
  eaten 
  out, 
  but 
  all 
  the 
  larvae 
  have 
  

   gone 
  ; 
  one 
  larva, 
  about 
  half 
  grown 
  in 
  first 
  skin, 
  is 
  found 
  at 
  the 
  node 
  

  

  