﻿ADKINIA 
  BIPUNCTIDACTYLA. 
  847 
  

  

  mining 
  in 
  the 
  stem, 
  and 
  is 
  apparently 
  the 
  cause 
  of 
  the 
  withering. 
  

   Where 
  are 
  the 
  others 
  from 
  the 
  flower- 
  heads 
  ? 
  Various 
  mined 
  leaves 
  

   are 
  also 
  withered, 
  and 
  drying 
  up. 
  The 
  mines 
  show 
  a 
  small 
  hole 
  of 
  

   the 
  larval 
  escape. 
  Some 
  mines 
  are 
  still 
  occupied; 
  in 
  one 
  a 
  larva 
  can 
  

   be 
  seen 
  with 
  the 
  head 
  dislocation 
  that 
  indicates 
  preparation 
  for 
  a 
  moult 
  

   (in 
  this 
  case 
  the 
  first) 
  ; 
  an 
  adjacent 
  mine 
  has 
  a 
  larva 
  with 
  a 
  distinctly 
  larger 
  

   head, 
  i.e., 
  in 
  the 
  second 
  instar. 
  This 
  and 
  one 
  or 
  two 
  others 
  eject 
  the 
  

   frass 
  from 
  the 
  mine, 
  the 
  smaller 
  ones 
  leave 
  it 
  in 
  the 
  mine 
  (Chapman). 
  

   In 
  another 
  lot 
  that 
  Chapman 
  had, 
  belonging 
  to 
  this 
  autumn 
  brood, 
  a 
  

   larva 
  was 
  buried 
  deeply 
  in 
  the 
  bud, 
  on 
  August 
  17th, 
  which, 
  little 
  

   disturbed 
  outwardly, 
  had 
  the 
  bases 
  of 
  many 
  flowers 
  replaced 
  by 
  frass 
  ; 
  

   on 
  September 
  20th, 
  one 
  of 
  these 
  moulted 
  and 
  burrowed 
  into 
  a 
  

   flower-bud, 
  spinning 
  a 
  few 
  threads 
  to 
  the 
  involucre 
  ; 
  smaller 
  larvse 
  

   were 
  completely 
  buried, 
  the 
  place 
  of 
  entry 
  being 
  marked 
  by 
  a 
  trace 
  of 
  

   frass. 
  On 
  the 
  22nd, 
  a 
  large 
  larva, 
  partly 
  exposed 
  the 
  previous 
  day, 
  

   was 
  also 
  practically 
  out 
  of 
  sight, 
  the 
  bud 
  not 
  being 
  quite 
  large 
  enough 
  

   to 
  allow 
  it 
  to 
  be 
  within 
  and 
  retain 
  its 
  outer 
  form 
  unimpaired, 
  so 
  that 
  

   some 
  flowers 
  are 
  so 
  far 
  destroyed, 
  by 
  the 
  feeding, 
  as 
  to 
  allow 
  the 
  larva 
  

   to 
  be 
  discerned, 
  apparently 
  in 
  a 
  curved 
  attitude, 
  near 
  the 
  centre 
  of 
  the 
  

   bud; 
  by 
  the 
  23rd, 
  this 
  larva 
  had 
  so 
  eaten 
  out 
  the 
  centre 
  of 
  the 
  bud 
  as 
  to 
  be 
  well 
  

   exposed, 
  and, 
  in 
  the 
  afternoon, 
  descended 
  to 
  a 
  lower 
  flower-head, 
  on 
  

   which 
  it 
  was 
  fully 
  exposed; 
  it 
  seemed 
  to 
  be 
  nearly 
  fullgrown. 
  By 
  the 
  

   24th 
  it 
  had 
  cleared 
  out 
  this 
  bud 
  and 
  had 
  entered 
  another 
  in 
  which 
  

   the 
  front 
  segments 
  were 
  buried 
  ; 
  after 
  this, 
  the 
  larva 
  ate 
  a 
  flower-head 
  

   per 
  day 
  until 
  the 
  27th, 
  when 
  it 
  fastened 
  itself 
  up 
  for 
  pupation 
  

   (Chapman). 
  Bacot 
  also 
  notes 
  (in 
  litt.) 
  the 
  habits 
  of 
  this 
  brood; 
  the 
  

   ova, 
  placed 
  on 
  the 
  flower-buds 
  of 
  a 
  growing 
  plant, 
  gave 
  larvae 
  that 
  

   immediately 
  bored 
  between 
  the 
  flowerets 
  and 
  involucre 
  of 
  the 
  buds 
  on 
  

   the 
  main 
  and 
  lateral 
  stems 
  ; 
  another 
  bud 
  had 
  been 
  bored 
  through 
  by 
  a 
  

   larva 
  that 
  remained 
  invisible, 
  a 
  small 
  heap 
  of 
  frass 
  being 
  seen 
  when 
  

   the 
  outer 
  leaves 
  of 
  the 
  involucre 
  had 
  been 
  removed; 
  the 
  interior 
  of 
  the 
  

   bud 
  had 
  been 
  removed, 
  and 
  there 
  were 
  large 
  quantities 
  of 
  fresh 
  frass 
  

   low 
  down 
  among 
  the 
  flowerets. 
  The 
  larva? 
  are 
  by 
  no 
  means 
  easy 
  to 
  

   find, 
  in 
  spite 
  of 
  unmistakable 
  signs 
  of 
  their 
  presence, 
  and 
  require 
  

   some 
  search 
  before 
  they 
  can 
  be 
  finally 
  run 
  down 
  ; 
  as 
  they 
  increase 
  in 
  

   size, 
  they 
  feed 
  at 
  a 
  great 
  rate, 
  emerging 
  to 
  seek 
  fresh 
  feeding-places, 
  

   entering 
  buds 
  that 
  have 
  just 
  commenced 
  to 
  open 
  or 
  are 
  unexpanded, 
  and 
  

   often 
  leaving 
  the 
  bud 
  of 
  the 
  main 
  stem 
  for 
  the 
  smaller 
  lateral 
  buds. 
  

   Their 
  feeding 
  makes 
  little 
  difference 
  to 
  the 
  outward 
  appearance 
  of 
  the 
  

   bud, 
  a 
  small 
  quantity 
  of 
  silk 
  being 
  used 
  to 
  spin 
  around 
  the 
  portion 
  of 
  

   the 
  bud 
  attacked 
  (Bacot). 
  Larva; 
  found 
  at 
  Newbury 
  in 
  early 
  September, 
  

   1890, 
  were 
  feeding 
  on 
  the 
  flowers 
  of 
  scabious; 
  they 
  were 
  then 
  very 
  

   sluggish, 
  and 
  ate 
  through 
  the 
  bases 
  of 
  several 
  florets, 
  being 
  completely 
  

   hidden, 
  and, 
  until 
  the 
  flower-head 
  was 
  pulled 
  apart, 
  there 
  was 
  no 
  sign 
  of 
  

   the 
  larva 
  within 
  (lumber). 
  In 
  Germany, 
  we 
  observe 
  that, 
  in 
  Mecklen- 
  

   burg, 
  Stange 
  found 
  larva) 
  at 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  June 
  and 
  July, 
  in 
  the 
  (lowers 
  

   of 
  Scabiosa 
  columbaria 
  and 
  S. 
  succisa 
  ; 
  Bossier 
  found 
  the 
  larvae 
  in 
  the 
  

   Wiesbaden 
  district 
  in 
  the 
  beginning 
  of 
  May, 
  in 
  the 
  stalks 
  of 
  Scabiosa 
  

   columbaria, 
  whilst 
  he 
  describes 
  the 
  feeding-habits 
  of 
  an 
  autumal 
  brood 
  

   found 
  at 
  Wiesbaden 
  in 
  early 
  September, 
  1868, 
  in 
  the 
  {lowers 
  of 
  Scabiosa 
  

   succisa, 
  the 
  larvae 
  only 
  betraying 
  their 
  residence 
  therein, 
  by 
  small 
  threads 
  

   on 
  the 
  blue 
  petals; 
  he 
  observes 
  that 
  they 
  pupated 
  in 
  a 
  few 
  days, 
  and 
  

   emerged 
  10 
  days 
  after 
  pupation. 
  He 
  also 
  says 
  that 
  the 
  statement 
  

   that 
  the 
  larvee 
  feed 
  on 
  Galium 
  appears 
  to 
  be 
  very 
  doubtful, 
  and 
  

  

  