﻿MARASMARCHA 
  LUNiEDACTYLA. 
  399 
  

  

  tubercles 
  are 
  primitive, 
  single-haired, 
  with 
  black 
  bases, 
  as 
  in 
  the 
  larva, 
  

  

  but 
  are, 
  in 
  some 
  instances, 
  raised 
  on 
  specialised 
  horns, 
  having 
  

  

  apparently 
  a 
  skin, 
  and 
  not 
  tubercular, 
  origin, 
  although, 
  in 
  some 
  

  

  instances, 
  they 
  occur 
  on 
  the 
  same 
  area. 
  A 
  markedly 
  specialised 
  dorsal 
  

  

  ridge 
  is 
  found 
  in 
  this 
  species. 
  A 
  small, 
  central, 
  dorsal, 
  horn-like 
  

  

  process 
  occurs 
  on 
  the 
  abdominal 
  segments 
  1-8, 
  very 
  small 
  on 
  the 
  

  

  1st 
  and 
  8th, 
  and 
  reaching 
  its 
  greatest 
  development 
  on 
  the 
  3rd 
  or 
  4th 
  

  

  abdominal 
  ; 
  on 
  the 
  abdominal 
  segments 
  2-8, 
  this 
  forms 
  the 
  centre 
  of 
  

  

  three 
  dorsal 
  horns, 
  the 
  other 
  two 
  being 
  situated 
  one 
  on 
  either 
  side, 
  

  

  and, 
  except 
  on 
  the 
  1st 
  and 
  8th 
  abdominal 
  segments, 
  being 
  very 
  much 
  

  

  larger 
  than 
  the 
  central 
  one 
  ; 
  on 
  the 
  middle 
  segments 
  the 
  outer 
  horns 
  

  

  have 
  smaller 
  tines 
  at 
  their 
  bases. 
  The 
  central 
  series 
  above 
  described 
  

  

  is 
  situated 
  between 
  the 
  dorsal 
  tubercles 
  i 
  and 
  ii, 
  which 
  are, 
  on 
  most 
  

  

  segments, 
  rather 
  close 
  together 
  but 
  separated 
  by 
  a 
  process 
  developed 
  from 
  

  

  the 
  skin-area 
  between 
  them 
  ; 
  longitudinally, 
  these 
  processes 
  form 
  the 
  

  

  outer 
  dorsal 
  ridges 
  and 
  rise 
  in 
  a 
  double 
  horn, 
  the 
  anterior 
  and 
  larger 
  

  

  branch, 
  or 
  tine, 
  bearing 
  i 
  on 
  the 
  front 
  of 
  its 
  base, 
  and 
  the 
  posterior 
  and 
  

  

  smaller 
  bearing 
  ii 
  on 
  the 
  back 
  of 
  its 
  base 
  ; 
  on 
  the 
  2nd, 
  3rd, 
  and 
  4th 
  

  

  abdominal 
  segments 
  these 
  processes 
  are 
  very 
  large, 
  on 
  the 
  3rd 
  

  

  abdominal 
  segment 
  they 
  are 
  developed 
  to 
  an 
  enormous 
  size 
  relatively 
  

  

  to 
  the 
  other 
  segments 
  ; 
  on 
  the 
  2nd 
  abdominal 
  the 
  base 
  of 
  i 
  is 
  situated 
  

  

  some 
  distance 
  up 
  the 
  front 
  tine, 
  ii 
  being 
  situated 
  at 
  the 
  base 
  of 
  the 
  

  

  posterior 
  tine 
  ; 
  on 
  the 
  3rd 
  abdominal, 
  the 
  processes 
  remind 
  one 
  

  

  somewhat 
  of 
  a 
  thick 
  and 
  heavy 
  stag's-horn, 
  the 
  posterior 
  tine 
  being 
  

  

  very 
  much 
  smaller 
  than 
  the 
  anterior, 
  and 
  the 
  bases 
  of 
  the 
  tubercles 
  

  

  well 
  up 
  on 
  the 
  horn; 
  on 
  the 
  remaining 
  abdominal 
  segments, 
  as 
  far 
  

  

  as 
  the 
  8th, 
  this 
  arrangement 
  holds 
  good, 
  but 
  the 
  size 
  of 
  the 
  process 
  is 
  

  

  very 
  greatly 
  reduced; 
  on 
  the 
  4th 
  abdominal 
  it 
  is 
  only 
  about 
  one-third 
  the 
  

  

  size, 
  and 
  it 
  gradually 
  dwindles 
  to 
  the 
  8th 
  abdominal. 
  Tubercle 
  iii 
  is 
  in 
  

  

  normal 
  position 
  above 
  the 
  spiracle, 
  and 
  is 
  not 
  raised 
  above 
  the 
  general 
  

  

  level, 
  and 
  carries 
  a 
  single 
  hair 
  with 
  black 
  tubercles 
  at 
  base 
  ; 
  iv 
  and 
  v 
  

  

  beneath 
  spiracle, 
  v 
  directly 
  beneath, 
  and 
  iv 
  slightly 
  posterior 
  to 
  it 
  but 
  

  

  in 
  the 
  same 
  horizontal 
  plane; 
  vi 
  carries 
  a 
  single 
  hair 
  with 
  black 
  base, 
  

  

  and 
  vii 
  carries 
  two 
  hairs, 
  with 
  their 
  bases 
  slightly 
  apart. 
  The 
  hairs 
  

  

  are 
  rather 
  short, 
  stout, 
  tapering, 
  and 
  slightly 
  knobbed 
  at 
  tips, 
  but 
  not 
  

  

  thorny. 
  On 
  the 
  metathorax, 
  only 
  a 
  pair 
  of 
  dorsal 
  tubercles 
  are 
  in 
  

  

  evidence, 
  and 
  these 
  are 
  set 
  anteriorly 
  on 
  the 
  segment 
  ; 
  there 
  are 
  also 
  

  

  two 
  lateral 
  tubercles 
  above 
  base 
  of 
  wing, 
  iii 
  and 
  ? 
  iv. 
  On 
  the 
  mesothorax. 
  

  

  two 
  pairs 
  of 
  dorsal 
  tubercles 
  are 
  present, 
  placed 
  trapezoidally, 
  the 
  anterior 
  

  

  pair, 
  i, 
  being 
  considerably 
  nearer 
  in 
  towards 
  median 
  line 
  than 
  ii, 
  and 
  

  

  the 
  two 
  pairs 
  quite 
  a 
  considerable 
  distance 
  apart; 
  on 
  fchis 
  segment 
  

  

  also 
  two 
  lateral 
  tubercles 
  are 
  present 
  above 
  bases 
  of 
  wings; 
  one, 
  I 
  

  

  suppose, 
  is 
  undoubtedly 
  iii, 
  but 
  I 
  am 
  doubtful 
  of 
  the 
  other. 
  Can 
  it 
  be 
  

  

  iv 
  moved 
  up? 
  Theoretically, 
  only 
  iii 
  should 
  be 
  present, 
  as 
  the 
  wing 
  

  

  springs 
  from 
  the 
  spiracular 
  area. 
  Quail 
  has 
  suggested 
  bo 
  me 
  that, 
  

  

  in 
  Cossus, 
  what 
  is 
  iv 
  (subspiracular) 
  on 
  the 
  abdominal 
  segments 
  becomes 
  

  

  the 
  second 
  hair 
  of 
  iii 
  on 
  the 
  thoracic 
  segments 
  ; 
  if 
  this 
  be 
  so. 
  it 
  would 
  

  

  account 
  for 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  iv 
  of 
  the 
  abdominals 
  is 
  missing 
  on 
  the 
  

  

  thoracic 
  segments 
  (2nd 
  and 
  3rd) 
  in 
  the 
  Sphingids 
  ami 
  ? 
  other 
  groups. 
  

  

  (Bacot, 
  June 
  29th, 
  1899. 
  Compared 
  with 
  empty 
  pupa-cases, 
  December 
  

  

  12th, 
  1903). 
  Bright 
  green 
  in 
  colour, 
  with 
  various 
  darker 
  markings, 
  some 
  

  

  times 
  a 
  bright 
  green 
  pupa, 
  with 
  various 
  darker 
  markings, 
  sometimes 
  the 
  

  

  latter 
  are 
  so 
  abundant 
  thai 
  the 
  pupa 
  might 
  rather 
  be 
  called 
  black, 
  some 
  

  

  