﻿534 
  BRITISH 
  LEPIDOPTERA. 
  

  

  A. 
  zophodactylus, 
  and 
  that 
  the 
  length 
  of 
  the 
  appendages 
  beyond 
  was 
  

   rather 
  less. 
  This 
  difference, 
  however, 
  seemed 
  not 
  quite 
  securely 
  to 
  

   separate 
  itself 
  from 
  various 
  others 
  that 
  at 
  first 
  seemed 
  promising, 
  but 
  

   were 
  found, 
  on 
  further 
  examination, 
  to 
  be 
  individual, 
  and 
  to 
  occur 
  in 
  

   both 
  species, 
  or 
  possibly 
  to 
  be 
  errors 
  of 
  observation. 
  The 
  most 
  dis- 
  

   concerting 
  circumstance 
  of 
  all, 
  however, 
  is 
  that 
  the 
  differences 
  in 
  

   measurements 
  between 
  zophodactylus 
  and 
  pneumonanthes, 
  given 
  above, 
  as 
  

   to 
  the 
  dorsal 
  tubercles, 
  are 
  from 
  continental 
  pneumonanthes 
  compared 
  

   with 
  British 
  zophodactylus, 
  and 
  that 
  Mr. 
  Mathew's 
  pneumonanthes 
  give 
  

   measurements 
  (so 
  far 
  as 
  they 
  can 
  be 
  got 
  without 
  injuring 
  the 
  specimens) 
  

   that 
  agree 
  with 
  the 
  English 
  zophodactylus, 
  or 
  are 
  even 
  on 
  the 
  other 
  

   side 
  of 
  them 
  from 
  the 
  continental 
  ones. 
  My 
  final 
  conclusion, 
  therefore, 
  

   is 
  that 
  no 
  pupal 
  distinction 
  can 
  be 
  drawn 
  between 
  the 
  two 
  species. 
  

   The 
  pupa 
  of 
  A. 
  var. 
  pneumonanthes 
  seems 
  to 
  be 
  fractionally 
  smaller 
  than 
  

   that 
  of 
  A. 
  zophodactylus, 
  but 
  the 
  difference 
  is 
  slight, 
  and 
  with 
  the 
  curved, 
  

   empty, 
  cases, 
  accurate 
  measurement 
  of 
  a 
  sufficient 
  number 
  to 
  be 
  of 
  any 
  

   use 
  is 
  impossible. 
  The 
  larger 
  specimens 
  of 
  A. 
  p>neumonanthes 
  (of 
  the 
  

   spring 
  brood) 
  t, 
  taken 
  by 
  Mr. 
  Dadd 
  near 
  Berlin, 
  would 
  certainly 
  be 
  larger 
  

   than 
  any 
  English 
  (summer 
  brood) 
  zophodactylus 
  pupae 
  I 
  have 
  (Chapman). 
  

   Time 
  of 
  appearance. 
  — 
  The 
  species 
  is 
  no 
  doubt 
  double-brooded, 
  

   occurring 
  in 
  May-June, 
  and 
  again 
  in 
  August. 
  Stange 
  says 
  that 
  he 
  

   captured 
  it 
  near 
  Spandau 
  and 
  Finkenkrug, 
  on 
  June 
  24th 
  and 
  29th, 
  1878, 
  

   whilst 
  Hering 
  bred 
  imagines 
  from 
  July 
  29th, 
  1893, 
  onwards, 
  also 
  from 
  

   Finkenkrug 
  (the 
  same 
  locality), 
  so 
  that 
  Sorhagen 
  has 
  no 
  hesitation 
  in 
  

   calling 
  it 
  double-brooded, 
  the 
  imagines 
  appearing 
  in 
  June 
  and 
  again 
  in 
  

   August. 
  We 
  have 
  here 
  also 
  a 
  long 
  series 
  under 
  observation, 
  one 
  part 
  (1 
  1) 
  

   captured 
  by 
  Dadd, 
  at 
  Finkenkrug, 
  on 
  June 
  6th, 
  1906, 
  and 
  the 
  other 
  part 
  

   (20), 
  at 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  July, 
  1906, 
  respectively. 
  Frey's 
  records 
  (Die 
  Tineen 
  

   undPter. 
  Schiveiz,^. 
  112) 
  oi 
  plagiodactylus 
  ( 
  = 
  pneumonanthes) 
  in 
  June 
  and 
  

   July 
  near 
  Zurich, 
  &ndgraphodactylus 
  in 
  August, 
  suggest 
  also 
  the 
  two 
  broods 
  

   of 
  the 
  same 
  species. 
  Wocke, 
  for 
  Silesia, 
  gives 
  mid- 
  June 
  and 
  early 
  Septem- 
  

   ber, 
  Freyer 
  records 
  it 
  in 
  June 
  from 
  larvae 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  very 
  commencement 
  

   of 
  June, 
  1862, 
  near 
  the 
  Tegernsee. 
  August 
  alone 
  is 
  given 
  for 
  Hanover 
  

   (Glitz) 
  ; 
  beginning 
  of 
  August, 
  near 
  Eegensburg 
  (Schmid) 
  ; 
  July, 
  for 
  the 
  

   Rhine 
  Provinces 
  (Stolhverck) 
  ; 
  July 
  and 
  August, 
  in 
  Baden 
  (Meess 
  and 
  

   Spuler) 
  ; 
  July 
  and 
  August, 
  in 
  Bavaria 
  (Hartmann, 
  one 
  of 
  whose 
  localities 
  

   is 
  Tegernsee, 
  whence 
  Freyer 
  bred 
  it 
  in 
  June) 
  ; 
  July, 
  in 
  Wiirttemburg 
  

   (Steudel 
  and 
  Hofmann), 
  etc. 
  Hering 
  says: 
  "Like 
  Snellen, 
  I 
  do 
  not 
  

   doubt 
  that 
  the 
  species 
  has 
  a 
  spring 
  brood, 
  examples 
  of 
  which, 
  in 
  some 
  

   instances, 
  e.g., 
  the 
  imago 
  caught 
  on 
  July 
  1 
  5th, 
  1893, 
  overlap 
  the 
  second 
  

   generation 
  ; 
  at 
  all 
  events 
  the 
  larva 
  of 
  this 
  early 
  brood 
  cannot 
  have 
  the 
  

   same 
  life-history 
  as 
  the 
  later 
  one, 
  because, 
  with 
  us, 
  Gentiana 
  pneu- 
  

   monanthe 
  only 
  comes 
  into 
  bloom 
  at 
  the 
  beginning 
  of 
  July," 
  etc. 
  Crom- 
  

   brugghe 
  records 
  it 
  as 
  occurring 
  in 
  great 
  abundance 
  in 
  July 
  and 
  August, 
  

   1901, 
  at 
  Heide, 
  in 
  Belgium; 
  he 
  notes 
  one 
  larva 
  as 
  late 
  as 
  August 
  11th, 
  

   1905, 
  which 
  gave 
  an 
  imago 
  quite 
  at 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  August. 
  He 
  thinks 
  

   there 
  is 
  a 
  spring 
  brood. 
  Fologne 
  also 
  records 
  it 
  as 
  occurring 
  in 
  

   August 
  at 
  Genck, 
  and 
  at 
  Calmpthout. 
  Other 
  details 
  that 
  may 
  be 
  noted 
  

   are: 
  Imagines, 
  July 
  22nd, 
  1840, 
  not 
  rarely 
  about 
  the 
  foot 
  of 
  the 
  

   Schneeberg 
  (Mann 
  and 
  Fischer 
  v. 
  Roslerstamm); 
  on 
  the 
  Sommering, 
  

  

  f 
  The 
  larger 
  specimens 
  (imagines) 
  of 
  these 
  spring 
  pneumonanthes 
  are 
  23mm. 
  

   in 
  wing-expanse, 
  exactly 
  the 
  same 
  size 
  as 
  the 
  largest 
  of 
  the 
  Berlin 
  summer 
  brood 
  

   (see 
  anted, 
  p. 
  521). 
  

  

  