COLLECTING BUTTERFLY LARV.E. 45 



little holes in the leaves, but later they devour large pieces of the leaves, 

 and their whereabouts become conspicuous. 



The young larvae of Brenthis selene usually divide into two sections 

 in this country, one very small part feeding up rapidly and producing 

 a few imagines in August, the others hybernating when about 10mm. 

 long, and going through the winter in this stage. 



The fullfed larva of Argynnis aylaia is to be found on Viola canina 

 in June ; it is difficult to discover, and is best obtained when feeding, as 

 its movements are rapid and may attract attention ; when not feeding, 

 it usually hides below the leaves of the plant which it has been eating. 



The fullfed larvae of Dryas paphia are to be found in early June, 

 feeding on the leaves of Viola canina, freely exposing themselves, 

 according to Buckler, on the violet plants. 



The larvae of Pyrameis cardui are, in years when an immigration 

 has taken place in May or early June, most abundant, in their little 

 globular homes of spun -together thistle leaves, or other of their food- 

 plants, in late June and early July. 



The gregarious larvae of Vanessa io are to be found in considerable 

 companies in late June and early July, spread out over beds of stinging- 

 nettles by roadsides, behind hedges, or sunny corners on the edges of 

 woods. 



The gregarious larvae of Euyonia polychloros should be sought on 

 elm, willow, sallow, aspen, etc. ; the eggs are laid in spring by hyber- 

 nated $ s, and the presence of hybernators in April and early May in 

 a locality should lead to a search for larvae in June. 



The fullfed larvae of Hipparchia semele require light soil, peat, or 

 similar material, in which to burrow. They hide therein by day, 

 feeding by night, and, when mature, form their puparia just beneath 

 the surface of the ground in a manner altogether different from every 

 other British butterfly. 



The fullfed larvae of Apatura iris are to be found in June on sallow ; 

 they eat rapidly, are easily alarmed, when they draw themselves in, 

 and are difficult to detect on the leaf on which they are. They are 

 usually obtained by beating. 



In late June and July, on Wicken Fen, stand over a plant of 

 Peucedanum palustre, and look most carefully, if you wish to see the 

 little black larvae of Papilio maehaon. 



In confinement, the larvae of Papilio maehaon will feed very freely 

 on the leaves af garden carrot, on Angelica sylvestris, and other 

 umbellifers. 



The larvae of Colias edusa, obtained from eggs laid by immigrant 

 $ s in June, will feed up well in confinement on Trifolium rep ens and 

 Lotus corniculatus, pupating in July, the imagines emerging in 

 August. 



In late June and early July, the larvae of Gonepteryx rhamni are to 

 be found on Rhamnas frangula and R. catharticus ; stunted bushes in 

 sheltered nooks on the outskirts of a wood are usually good localities 

 for them. 



They are sometimes very abundant ; and it will add to one's 

 success if one places oneself so that the sun falls across the Rhamnus 

 leaf, showing the shadowed side of the larva, when it is at once 

 discovered ; otherwise it so exactly resembles the midrib along the 

 centre of the leaf (where it rests) that it will easily escape notice. 



