48 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



plant under examination. The habit of repose, with the neck arched 

 something like the larva of a Sphingid, is very striking. 



August. — In August, the larvae of Cyclopides palaemon feed within 

 long cylindrical tubes made of the leaves of Brachy podium sylvaticum, 

 quickly, however, eating out their domiciles and forming fresh ones; 

 they first eat the lower part of the leaf below the tube, all but the 

 midrib, then devour the top of the leaf above the tubular part, and, 

 lastly, the tube itself, until, by degrees, it becomes too short to shelter 

 them, when they desert it and cut through the midrib, causing the 

 tubular remains to fall away, after which they select a fresh leaf for 

 the construction of another tube, as above. 



The young larvae of Celastrina argiolus are to be found feeding on 

 the tender young ivy leaves and flowers, and pupate in early September. 

 The eggs are usually laid in early August, beneath the flower-heads 

 of the umbels of ivy. 



The newly-hatched larvae of Colzas hyale feed up slowly from about 

 mid- August, until about October or November, on Trifolium repens, 

 Medicago lupulina, M. sativa, etc. They then hybernate till March, 

 and will usually pass this period successfully, provided that they are 

 not exposed to a really low temperature, are kept quite clear of decaying 

 leaves, and have a perfectly dry spot to rest on. They must be 

 supplied with fresh food very early in the spring, and should be given 

 as much sun and air as possible, but not exposed now to a low 

 temperature. 



The larvae of Colias edusa, obtained from eggs laid by ? s captured 

 in August and September, will feed up well in confinement on Trifolium 

 repens and Lotus corniculatus. They will try to feed up the same year, 

 and must be carefully nurtured. They might, indoors, be induced to 

 partially hybernate until early March, but then would have to be kept 

 perfectly free from damp, and well away from any decaying leaves of 

 their foodplant. 



The larvae of Epinephele tithonus appear after the eggs have been 

 laid about three weeks, and feed well on Poa annua, Dactylis glomerata, 

 and other common grasses ; they hybernate when exceedingly E-mail, 

 but nibble in winter when the weather is mild, not feeding very much, 

 however, till mid-March. 



The young larvae of Melanargia galathea leave the eggs in August, 

 and feed well, in confinement, on almost all the common garden 

 grasses — Dactylis glomerata has been noted as a specially favoured one. 

 The larvae hybernate from about the end of October, feeding occasionally 

 when the weather is mild, going ahead more rapidly in March and 

 April, and being fullfed in June. 



The larvae of Hipparchia semele can be reared in confinement on 

 Triticum repens, Aira praecox, and many other grasses; they are very 

 sluggish, hide low down among the foodplant, nibble slowly most of 

 the winter, feed only at night, and often bore under the ground, if at 

 all suitable, by day. They are fullfed about mid-June, when pupation 

 takes place. 



The fullfed larvae of Papilio machaon are to be found in August, 

 usually resting in an almost vertical position on a stem of the food- 

 plant, or on a plant near; although such a large conspicuous caterpillar, 

 when separated from its food, it is not at all easy to see when 



