URBICOLIDES (HESPERIIDES). 83 



1. Hind wings not elongated into a tail — Hesperia malvae, tages, fritillum, 

 paniscus, comma, aracinthus. 



2. Hindwings elongated into a tail — Hesperia proteus. 



In 1806, Hiibner created (Tentamen, p. 1) the group and generic 

 names, Urbani and Urbanus, giving as type Urbanus malvae (alceae), 

 whilst, in 1807, Fabricius, as already noted, separated (111. Mag., vi.) 

 the superfarnily into two groups : 



1. Thymele — a. Wings tailed — Hesperia proteus, mercatus, acastus. 



b. Wings untailed — Hesperia thrax, gnetus, bixae. 



c. Wings rounded — Hesperia aracinthus, malvae, tages. 



2. Pamphila — Hesperia comma, paniscus, fritillum, lavaterae, etc. 



In 1816, Hiibner, as usual far ahead of his time, gave a very com- 

 prehensive grouping of all the species then known, under the name 

 Astyci, which he states= Urbicolae, Linn., Fab. (Vevz., pp. 102 et seq.). 

 The part of his grouping that concerns us is as follows : 



Fain. IV: Vkteres — 



Coitus 3 : Nisoniad.e — Nisoniades bromius, Stoll., N. mimas, Cram., 

 . N. zephodes, Hb., N. juvenis, Hb. (juvenalis, Abb.), N. tages, Linn., 



N. aurispex, Hb., N. ophion, Stoll. 

 Fam. V : Vulgares — 



Coitus 1 : Pyrgi — Pyrgus syrichtus, Fab. (orcus fig. J, Cram.), P. oilus, 



Linn, (tartarus, Hb.), P. orcus figs. K, L, Cram., P. sidae, Esp., P. 



tessellum, Hb., P. carthami, Hb. (alveus, Hb.), P. fritillum, Schiff. 



(malvae, Linn.), P. alveolus, Hb. (malvae, Esp.), P. sertorius, Hb. (sao, 



Bergst.), P. vindex, Cram. 

 Fam. VI : Cauti — 



Coitus 3 : Carcharodontes — Carcharodus lavatherae, Esp. (tages, Sulz.), 



C. altheae, Hb., G. malvae, Schiff. (alceae, Esp.). 

 Fam. VII : Vigilantes — 



Coitus 2 : Cyclopid/E — Cyclopides steropes, Schiff. (aracinthus, Fab.), 



C. brontes, Schiff. (paniscus, Fab.), G. silvius, Enoch, G. metis, Linn., 



C. cor as, Cram. 

 Coitus 5: Augiad^e — Augiades crinisus, Cram., A. arcalaus, Cram., A. 



comma, Linn., A. sylvanus, Esp., A. helirius, Cram., A. euribates, Cram. 

 Coitus 6: Thymelici — Thymelicus actaeon, Esp., T. pustula, Hb., T. 



vibex., Hb., T. venula,TLb., T.virgula, Hb., T.vitellius, Hb., T. linea, 



Scbiff. (thaumas, Esp.), T. puer, Hb. 



Scudder divided (Butterflies of New England) the superfarnily 

 into two tribes only — the Hesperiidi and the Astyci. These two 

 groups, as represented by their typical species in Europe, differ 

 widely, not only in the imaginal characters, but also in the early- 

 stages, the eggs being as widely different, and very parallel in their 

 differences, as are those of certain Nymphalids and Satyrids — the former 

 having conical, longitudinally ribbed eggs ; the latter more or less 

 spherical and pitted eggs (the ribs being obsolete). Watson says the 

 characters of the egg, larva, and pupa are subsidiary, and of a slight 

 and ill-defined character. On the contrary, there are few super- 

 families in which such a wide range of marked characters presents 

 itself in the early stages. There can be no manner of doubt whatever 

 about the importance of the differences between the ribbed Hesperiid 

 egg (e.g. , Hesperia malcae, Nisoniades tages, etc.), the Urbicolid egg (e.g., 

 Jjrbicola comma, Augiades sylvanus, etc.), and the very moth-like 

 Thymelicid egg, Adopaea jiava, etc.), which, although possessing 

 three axes of different lengths, yet has the micropylar axis at right 

 angles to the surface on which the egg is laid, and might be 

 considered as forming a transition between a typical flat and an 

 upright egg, but is possibly a further development from an ordi- 



