84 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



nary upright egg. In separating the Hesperiids and Astycids 

 (Urbicolids), Scudder notes many points of difference, the chief of 

 which he describes as follows: — "In the $ Hesperiids the posterior 

 extremity of the alimentary canal is protected beneath by a corneous 

 sheath, which extends beyond the centrum or body of the upper pair 

 of abdominal appendages, sometimes nearly to the extremity of the 

 appendages, carrying the vent beyond the centrum, whilst in the 

 Astyci the extremity of the canal is not protected by any extruded 

 sheath, but opens at the very base of the inferior wall of the centrum " 

 (Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci., i., 195). 



To the two groups here suggested Scudder has since accepted a 

 third, called, by Mabille, Pyrrhopyyini, from the Pyrrhopijgae of 

 Hiibner (Verzeichniss, p. 102). These three main groups, evidently of 

 full family value, are defined on their imaginal characters, as sub- 

 families, by Watson (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1893, pp. 9 et seq.) as 

 follows : 



I. PyrrhopygiN/E . — A well-marked group of closely-allied genera confined 

 entirely to the New World ; readily recognised by the large blunt club to the 

 antennas, which is a constant character. The cell of the forewing invariably very 

 long, more than two-thirds the length of the costa. Nervure 5* of the forewing 

 usually nearer to 4 than 6. At rest all the wings extended horizontally. 



II. Hesperiin^:. — Includes all species with a costal fold in $ ; all species in 

 which nervure 5 of the forewing is nearer to 6 than to 4, and all species which rest 

 with their wings extended horizontally. Some few species rest with their wings 

 raised above the back, but these are very few and can invariably be recognised by 

 the costal fold or by some other character, also, in a considerable number of genera 

 in which the cell is more than two-thirds the length of costa, nervure 5 is usually 

 slightly nearer to 4 than to 6, occasioned by the upper angle of cell being produced 

 and the middle discocellular consequently elongated. These genera, however, are 

 readily recognised by the length of the cell as in the Parrvphilinae, where it is only 

 in a very few well-marked genera that the cell exceeds two-thirds of the costa. 

 The antennae almost without exception end in a fine point, and, in the few genera 

 in which this is not the case, the cell is invariably short. 



III. PamphilinjE. — Includes all species with a discal band on the forewing 

 of the 3 , and all species in which nervure 5 of the forewing is nearer to 4 than to 

 6, with the exception of those noted above. When in a complete state of repose 

 all the species of this group rest with their wings raised over their backs ; but 

 when only sunning themselves, in many species the forewings are elevated and the 

 hind wings depressed. The cell of the forewing is almost invariably less than 

 two-thirds the length of the costa, and the antennae almost invariably end in a 

 fine point. 



Of these we have species belonging to the last two groups in the 

 British Islands. 



In order to obtain a clear idea of the names rightly applicable to 

 the various genera, we have made a first-hand study of the subject 

 with the following result. We have not given all our results, but the 

 fixing of the types of the following Urbicolid genera appears to be of 

 importance to the students of the Pahearctic fauna : 



1758. Urbicola [Linne] , Barbut. — Type fixed in 1781 by Barbut as comma, 

 Linn. 



1793. Hespuria, Fab. — Type fixed in 1798 by Cuvier as malvae, Linn. 



1801. Erynnis, Schrk. — Type fixed in 1820 by Oken as alceae, Esp. (malvae, 

 Schrank) . 



1806. Urbanus, Hb. —Malvae, Hb. ( = alceae, Esp.), the only species mentioned, 

 and therefore the type. Consequently falls before Erynnis, Schrank. 



* The nervures are numbered from the lower part of wing upwards, nervure 

 1 being the anal nervure (the nervure from base to anal angle of wing). 



