URBICOLIDES (hESPERIIDES). 85 



1806. Heteropterus, Dum. — Type fixed in 1823 by Dumeril as morpheus, 

 Pallas, which he figures. 



1807. Thymele, Fab. — Contains malvae, Linn, (under the name lavaterae), the 

 type of Hesperia, Fab., before which it therefore falls. 



1807. Pamphila, Fab. — Type fixed in 1840 by Westwood as comma, Linn., the 

 name, therefore, falls before Urbicola [Linn.] , Barbut. 



1815. Thymale, Oken. — Used for several groups of species. Evidently a 

 laps. cal. for Thymele, Fab., a synonym of Hesperia, Fab. 



1816. Nisoniades, Hb. — Type fixed in 1834, and confirmed in 1850, by Stephens 

 as tages, Linn. 



1816. Pyrgus, Hb. — -Type fixed in 1834, and confirmed in 1850, by Stephens as 

 alveolus, Ochs. = malvae, Linn. Falls, therefore, as a synonym of Hesperia, Fab. 



1816. Carcharodus, Hb. — Typical coitus of Urbanus, Hb., containing malvae, 

 Hb. ( — alceae, Esp.), which therefore becomes the type, the genus falling before 

 Urbanus, Hb., and Erymiis, .Schrk. 



1816. Cyclopides, Hb. — Restricted in 1834 by Stephens, to paniscus, Fab., 

 and sylvius, Enoch. Type fixed in 1850 by Stephens, and confirmed by Westwood 

 and Hewitson in 1852, as paniscus, Fab. (=palaemon, Pallas). 



1816. Augiades, Hb. — Restricted, in 1834 and 1850, by Stephens to comma, 

 Linn., and sylvanus, Esp. Type fixed by Scudder in 1872 as sylvanus, Esp. 

 [Butler's -action, in 1870, of overriding Stephens' restriction of 1850, is ultra vires.] 



1816. Thymelicus, Hb. — Restricted in 1850 by Stephens to thaumas, Hufn., 

 and acteon, Rott. (also in 1834 under the laps. cal. Thymelinus). Under the same 

 misspelling, in 1858, Kirby fixed the type as acteon, Rott. 



1820. Adop.33a, Billbg. — Created for thaumas, Hufn., and a MS. species, the 

 former, therefore, becoming the type. Type confirmed in 1893 by Watson. 



1832. Steropes, Bdv. — Name preoccupied in Coleoptera (Stev., 1806). 



1832. THANAOS,Bdv. — Tages, Linn., was figured in 1836,by Boisduval under this 

 name. Type specified as tages, Linn., by Blanchard, in 1846; the name, therefore, 

 falls as a synonym of Nisoniades, Hb. 



1832. Syrichtus, Bdv. — Restricted in 1840 by Blanchard to malvae, Hb. 

 (alceae, Esp.) and alveolus, Ochs. ( — malvae, Linn.). "Anon," in 1841, in the 

 Isis, cites only malvae, Linn., which therefore becomes the type. Falls as a 

 synonym of Hesperia. 



1834. Thymelinus, Stphs. — A misprint for Thymelicus, Hb. The misspelling 

 repeated by Kirby, in 1858, when acteon was cited as the type. Falls before 

 Thymelicus, Hb. 



1844. Spilothyrus, Dup. — Created for alceae, Esp., altheae, Hb. and lava- 

 therae, Esp. Contains alceae, Esp., the type of Erynnis, before which it falls, all 

 three species being congeneric. 



1852. Carterocephalus, Led. — Proposed to replace Steropes, Bdv., pre- 

 occupied. Type fixed in 1867 by Snellen as palaemon, Pallas. It falls, therefore, 

 as a synonym of Cyclopides, Hb. 



In dealing with the general biological structure of the Urbicolids 

 we may consider the subject under the headiDgs of egg, larva, pupa, 

 and imago. The Urbicolid egg varies considerably. In its more 

 typical form it is generally described as being rather more than hemis- 

 pherical, with tough and opaque shell. This description would fit very 

 fairly well the Urbicoline (Pamphiline) egg, e.g., the group to which 

 Urbicola comma and Auf/iades sylvanus belong, but it fails for the 

 Hesperiine group as exemplified by Hesperia malvae and Nisoniades tar/es, 

 in which there is considerable resemblance to the Nymphalid form of 

 egg, i.e., conical with definite and well-marked longitudinal ribs, and 

 still more so for the Thymelicine egg, which, as we have noted, has the 

 external facies of a "flat" egg with the vertical micropylar axis of a 

 butterfly egg. The difference between these three forms of eggs is 

 great. Possibly a wider knowledge of the egg characters in this 

 superfamily will modify our present opinion as to other groups. 



The Urbicolid larva is also very characteristic. It is particularly 

 noticeable for its large head, its constricted prothorax, giving it much 

 the appearance of a neck, its uniform cylindrical shape from 



