96 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



Continent, it offers considerably more variation ; this runs in three 

 directions — (1) In the tint of the ground-colour which extends from 

 (a) Clear golden -brown, with clear-cut, narrow, black margin = ab. 

 clara, n. ab., from Larche, Useigne, Courmayeur, Val Veni, etc., 

 where it appears to be largely a racial form, and Megeve, Grand Saleve, 

 etc., where it occurs as an aberration, (b) Deeper orange-fulvous, with 

 broader marginal band, fading more into ground-colour = type (lineola, 

 Ochs.). (c) Deep chocolate-brown, a very rare form = ab. brunnea, n. 

 ab., which we have only seen in odd specimens from Bourg St. Maurice 

 and Chamonix. (2) In the intensity and width of the black marginal 

 area, the intensity of the nervures, the lining in of the discoidal lunule 

 with black and the suffusion of the hindwings. These characters in their 

 extreme development form no doubt lad ovicide, Mabille, but an inter- 

 mediate form with very well-developed (but not extreme) margins and 

 nervures and without the discoidal lunule black ( = ab. sujf'usa, n. ab.), is 

 still more frequent, although both are common enough in many of the 

 mountain localities we have visited. (3) In size, the examples from 

 Wolfsberg, Lamsdorf, and Villach being particularly striking; these are 

 of full colour, almost deep brown in tint, extending ($ and $ ) 32mm.- 

 33mm. in expanse of wing = ab. major, n. ab. Nicholson notes this 

 format Buda-Pest, where he says it is "larger than average A. thaumas," 

 and we have equally large forms from Gresy-sur-Aix and Macugnaga. 

 A pale form (parallel in colour with ab. clara) of the same large size comes 

 from Tragacete in Spain. It may be called ab. major-clara, n. ab. The 

 examples from the Simplon and the average specimens from Macugnaga 

 are somewhat intermediate in size, 30mm. -3 lmm., but have the 

 heavier build of ab. major, rather than that of the type = ab. intermedia, 

 n. ab. The following are the already described forms — 



a. ab. pallida, Tutt, " Brit. Butts.," p. 136 (1896) ; " Ent. Bee," xiv., p. 113 

 (1902); Wheeler, "Butts. Switz.," p. 10 (1903). Lineola var., Carr., "Ent.," 

 xxix., p. 68 (1896). — A pale straw-coloured aberration found occasionally in both 

 sexes. Flies with the type. 



Carrington records (Ent., xxix., p. 68) lemon -coloured forms from 

 Shoeburyness, perhaps referable to this aberration. This yellow form 

 was first figured by Bergstrasser, in 1780 (Nomenclatur, pi. 128, figs. 

 3-4). Oberthiir notes (in. lift.) that he has a $ from Silesia, the 

 body and wings entirely of a white colour, tinged with yellowish. 



p. ab. semicolon, Staud., "Iris," v., 282 (1892); Buhl, "Pal. Gross- 

 Schmett.," i., p. 637 (1895); Tutt, "Brit. Butts.," p. 136 (1896); Wheeler, 

 "Butts. Switz.," p. 10 (1903). — Comparatively small, the borders rather darker, 

 the males with a rather broader band of androconial scales, and the short dash at 

 its base more distinctly black. Algerian examples, corresponding with this 

 description, have been distributed by us, as var. semicolon, but the differences are 

 so small that the name seems hardly worth retaining (Staudingcr). 



Wheeler notes that all his Swiss examples show some slight traces 

 of this streak, and certainly a very large percentage of those in our 

 collection do so ; we have the form represented from many localities. 



y. ab. ludoviciae, Mab., "Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg.," p. 118 (1883); Lang, 

 "Butts .Europe," p. 351 (1884); Kane, "Handbook," p. 146 (1885) ; Buhl, - Pal. 

 Gross-Schmett.," i.. p. 637 (1895); Staud., "Cat.," 3rd ed., p. 92 (1901); 

 Wheeler, "Butts. Switz.," p. 10 (1903).— Pamphila ludoviciae, n. sp. /'. 

 lineola, Ochs., minor et ei proxima, sed habitu gracili, statura et colore 

 diversa. Intense aut obscure fulva. Aire antics late nigromarginatre, cum 

 ramie nigro-scriptis ; nervula discoidalis nigra celhilam olaudens ; lineola 

 nigra, maris indicium, exilis. nervo parallela. Alee postica' fulvo-nigrantes, 



