ATJGIADES SYLVANUS. 133 



integerrimis divaricatis maculis utrinque pallidioribus (mas linea 

 nigra). There are three butterflies very similar to each other, and the 

 species here described has been hitherto considered a variety of P. 

 comma, but it is distinct, and the individuals only pair inter se. The 

 markings are constant, yet no one has noticed their specific distinct- 

 ness. The larva is unknown. P. sylvanus is at once noticeable for 

 its size ; it frequently approaches P. comma in this particular, but is 

 always slightly larger. The figure represents a $ , the cT is 

 distinguished by a black stripe on the forewings. From P. comma 

 it is noticeably different, in that in both sexes the spots are almost of 

 the ground-colour — rather paler and inclining to yellow — and on the 

 underside hardly discernible, where in P. comma, the spots are white, 

 sharply edged, and never like those of P. sylvanus. Close comparison 

 makes the distinction more apparent. There are very few places in 

 France where it occurs, but in its haunts it is rather plentiful. It is 

 met with most frequently in July in sparse woods, and acting on the 

 precedent of naming butterflies after those of the gods of the woods 

 they frequent, I have named this species " sylvanus " (Esper). 



Imago. — Expanse 27mm. -34mm. All the wings of a rich fulvous- 

 brown, the outer margin of forewings broadly fuscous ; a transverse 

 row of paler angulated spots beyond the middle of the forewing, and a 

 similarly tinted blotch extending from centre to base ; the hindwings 

 with a central transverse row of similar spots, and a separate one 

 towards base. The underside paler, the spots of the upperside more 

 or less distinctly marked in a tint varying from bright yellowish to 

 whitish-ochreous. 



Sexual dimorphism. — The sexual variation is very marked, the $■ 

 having a conspicuous, black, androconial pocket, extending obliquely 

 towards the base from the centre of the wing (below the median 

 nervure) towards, and nearly reaching, the inner margin. The 

 androconia or scent-scales are, in this species, particularly specialised. 

 The 2 is also usually larger than the $ , and the paler spots are more 

 distinctly marked. " Two important differences are to be observed in 

 comparing the androconial patch of this species with that of U. comma : 

 (1) The large silvery covering-scales are entirely wanting in this 

 species, in consequence of which the patch makes a more connected 

 whole and its divisions stand out less sharply. (2) Among the jointed 

 androconial scales there are some unjointed ones (fig. 20). The 

 former scales reach to 05mm. in length; sometimes only a part of 

 them is jointed, the other part unjointed. Thus they appear in 



fuscescente ; primoribus supra linea transversa lanceolata nigra. Habitat in 

 sylvis. [Between menalcas and amyntas.] " (Poda, Ins. Mus. Graec, p. 79). This 

 species is also undoubtedly Scopoli's comma, which he queries particularly as being 

 not Linne's comma, and then describes as: "Long. lin. 6£, lat. 3£. (Sylvestris, 

 Poda, Mus. Graec). Alae concolores corticinae ; limbo fusco. Caput crassum ; 

 antennis unco terminatis. In sylvestribus. Noster caret maculis pallidis albidisque, 

 caeterum idem cum Linnaeano, juxta descriptionem datam in Fauna Suecica. 

 Sexus unus habet lineam nigram obliquam in medio paginae superioris alas anticse 

 cuiusque ; alter caret hac linea et pallidior est. Uterque sedens, gerit alas 

 suberectas " (Ent. Cam., p. 181). Werneburg notes that Ochsenheimer gives 

 sylvestris as doubtfully comma, but in his opinion it is certainly comma , because 

 only in comma, and not in linea (Jlava), could the black dash of the forewing be 

 called " linea lanceolata." Werneburg had evidently overlooked Scopoli's comma 

 and Esper's sylvanus, and it appears to be not at all possible that Poda would, had 

 he had comma before him, left out such a marked character as the white spots on 

 the underside. 



