URBICOLA COMMA. 159 



discal series of six quadrate white spots. Exp. g 1§ inch, ? If inch. Habitat : 

 Bunang Pass, Busahir (southeast side about 13000 ft.), captured by Captain H. B. 

 Hillard (Moore). 



This is the southern Asiatic mountain form, smaller, paler, and of 

 a somewhat washed-out appearance. Types in the British Museum 

 collection we have noted as being " fulvous; rather pale on the upper- 

 and undersides, the underside of hindwings yellowish with marked 

 square white spots." Staudinger seems to have only known the insect 

 from description, for he writes, " Praecedenti (mixta) similis, alis 

 posterioribus supra obscurioribus ; subtus maculis albidis non bif urcatis, 

 nigro-cinctis. Northwest Himalayas, southwest China." Probably he 

 only had Chinese specimens, which may differ from the Indian ones ; 

 at any rate the marked pallid coloration of the type is not brought out 

 in his description. Leech says that a specimen agreeing with the 

 Indian form has been sent from Tu-chien-lu in Western China. 



The "dark" or "suffusa" group. 



a. The central European type. 



j3. var. (et ab.) catena [(Keit.), Heydrch., " Lep. Eur.," p. 18 (1851);], 

 Staud., " Stett. Ent. Zeit.," p. 357 (1861) ; " Cat.," 2nd ed., p. 35 (1871) ; 3rd 

 ed., p. 92 (in part) (1901) ; Kiihl, " Pal. Gross-Schmett.," p. 647 (in part) (1895). 

 Cattena, Meyer-Dur, " Schmett. der Schweiz," p. 217 (1852). Cataena, Lang, 

 "Eur. Butts.," p. 354 (1884). — Keitel sent specimens from Swedish Lapland, 

 under the name catena, which Heydenreich inserted in his Catalog under this 

 name. It appears unnecessary, however, to give it a special name, as among the 

 northern specimens are many similar to those from other countries (Staudinger, 

 Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1861, p. 357). However, Staudinger diagnosed the form (Gat., 

 2nd ed., p. 35) as: "Alis posterioribus subtus viridibus, maculis albidioribus nigro- 

 adumbratis. Lapland, northeast Siberia and Sajan district, Altai, high Alps," etc. 

 Finland: Solovetsk, Kaschkarantsa, Tschavanga (Edgren). Norway: Arctic 

 region of Norway — Dovre, Bossekop, Talvik (Schoyen), Finmark (Staudinger), Ose, 

 Haegstoil, Kaafjord, Sopnes, Nordreisen (Strand). Sweden: Lapland (Keitel). 



Staudinger notes (Stett. Ent. Zeitg., 1861, p. 357) that the examples 

 from Finmark differ little on the upperside, although rather more on 

 the underside, from the specimens of middle and southern Europe. In 

 the northern examples, the pale spots on the underside of the hindwings 

 are almost white with a deep black edging, and are frequently united ; 

 they are, therefore, more conspicuous in the deeper green ground colour, 

 which is also more or less mixed with black. Keitel sent out similar 

 examples from Swedish Lapland, under the name of catena, and this 

 name was quoted by Heydenreich in his Catalogue. A special name, 

 however, hardly seems to be justified, as one not unfrequently finds, 

 among the northern examples, specimens which agree with those from 

 other countries. According to Wocke (Jahresberichte Schles. Gesell., 

 etc., 1881, p. 200) this form is, except for the underside of the hind- 

 wings, paler than the ordinary typical form of the German plains, and 

 this is borne out by the Finmark examples in the British Museum 

 collection. Meyer-Dur says (Schmett. der Schweiz, p. 217) that he fails 

 to find any distinction between the Lapland specimens and others 

 from the Alps, except that the ground colour of the underside of the 

 hindwings and of the borders of the forewings is of a rather 

 darker olive-green than the examples from the Grimsel, but 

 the specimens from the lowlands have these parts of a brilliant 

 light, or yellow, green. This appears to be the case, for there 

 are many Alpine examples of quite ordinary appearance on the 

 upperside, but with well-marked underside, especially of the hind- 



