160 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



wings, both as to the green ground-colour and dark-margined white 

 spots, which cannot be said to differ from the Finmark form in any- 

 appreciable manner. The Finmark specimens in the British Museum 

 collection are in no wise melanic ; they are brown, rather pale (paler 

 than the British form on the upperside) . The very dark Alpine examples 

 appear not to be the same as the extreme northern form. 



7. var. alpina, Bath, "Entom.," xxix., p. 21 (1896); Staud., "Cat.," 3rd 

 ed., p. 92 (1901); Wheeler, "Butts. Switz.," p. 9 (1903). Catena, Frey, " Lep. der 

 Schweiz," p. 55 (1880) ; Wocke, " Jahresber. Schles. Gesell.," lviii., p. 200 (1881) ; 

 Kane, "Eur. Butts.," p. 148 (1885); Biihl, "Pal. Gross- Schmett.," p. 647 (in 

 part) (1895) ; Tutt, "Brit. Butts.," p. 129 (1896) ; Wheeler, "Butts. Switz.," p. 

 9 (1903).— A little larger and possessing a melanochroic tendency, the dark mark- 

 ings being more intense, and occupying more space at the expense of the orange- 

 coloured blotches and spots. At 6000ft. elevation in the Bernese Alps — on the 

 Wengern, Scheideck Pass (Bath). Austrian Alps : high in the Brenner district 

 (Galvagni). German Alps : Bhine Provinces — Stiftswald, in Kaufungen, &c. 

 (Knatz). French Alps : general, high up in the Savoy and Dauphiny Alps 

 — Le Lautaret, &c. (Tutt). Italian Alps: Piedmontese valleys at 5000ft. to 7000ft. 

 (Tutt), Certosa di Pesio (Norris). Swiss Alps: general, above 5000ft. (Tutt). 

 Hungarian Alps : Eperies (Aigner). 



The real difference between the examples from high latitudes and 

 high altitudes appears to be considerable, yet the European lepidopterists 

 for many years united the specimens from Finmark and the high alps 

 under the name of catena, and, as such, attention had been drawn to 

 the tendency of the Alpine specimens to a darker upperside and 

 greener underside coloration. The marked differential feature appears to 

 be, as Wocke has already pointed out, that the Finmark specimens are as 

 pale (or even paler) on the upperside as the lowland forms, with a 

 slightly washed-out appearance in the specimens in the British 

 Museum collection, whilst the Alpine examples in both sexes, but 

 especially in the females, tend to become very dark in the ground- 

 colour, the pale spots strongly contrasting therewith. Thus, in 1880, 

 Frey observed that the high mountain examples were larger and darker, 

 especially in the females, and that such were taken in the highest 

 parts of the Valais, Engadine and Tyrol up to 7000 ft. and 7500 ft. 

 Wocke, in 1881, observed that it was common between Trafoi and 

 Franzenshohe. He agrees with Frey that the upperside is generally 

 much darker than the form from the plains and usually rather larger, 

 whilst he further states that, in some examples, the green colour is 

 still more intense than in the Lapland specimens, whilst the white 

 spots are just as sharply defined ; the forewings, also, much darker 

 beneath, blackish-green at the base and in the apical area, and the 

 brownish-yellow ground colour only present in the middle of the 

 wing, growing paler from the costa towards the hinder angle. 

 Staudinger diagnoses the form as " major, obscurior plerumque vix 

 distinguenda." 



The "large" or "eastern" group. 



a. v&r.florinda, Butler, " Cist. Ent.," ii., p. 285 (1878) ; Staud., " Cat.," 3rd 

 ed., p. 93 (1901). Repugnans, Staud., "Rom. Mem.," vi., p. 211 (1892); Biihl, 

 "Pal. Gross-Schmett.," p. 647 (1895); Tutt, "Brit. Butts.," p. 129 (1896). 



Pamphila Jlorinda, i , ? . Above like P. comma, but deeper in colour; below 



altogether redder in tint, with scarcely a trace of pale spots, only two or three 

 being indistinctly traceable on the secondaries ; the veins also not tipped with 

 black. Expanse of wings, cT 1 inch 6 lines, ? 1 inch 5 lines. There is the 

 same difference between the sexes as in the European insect, the male being tawny 

 with purplish-brown borders and grey streaked oblique black band, the female 

 purplish -brown with the usual straw-yellow or ochreous spots. The position of the 



