184 BKITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



tufts. Those on the head are remarkably formed, all the longer ones 

 terminating in a hook. These hooks (as well as those of the cremaster) are 

 also fastened into the cocoon, so that the pupa is securely anchored fore 

 and aft. At the base of the wing is a peculiar raised disc. The whole 

 surface of the wings, antennae and legs are covered with a lilac-grey 

 bloom, which is very easily detached ; it also covers the cocoon like 

 whitish powder, and small flakes are scattered over the pupa, 

 apparently of the same substance as that on the larva. The head and 

 thorax are pale olive, mottled with blackish ; the abdomen olive, 

 spotted with dark olive, and inclining to yellow on the ventral surface; 

 below each spiracle is a short longitudinal mark ; the spiracles are 

 amber-brown. [The foregoing description is of a $ pupa. That of 

 the $ differs by having a well-defined, elongated dusky ridge covering 

 the androconial mark on the primary wing] (Frohawk). Barrett also 

 describes the pupa from an empty skin (Ent. Mo. Mag., xxxii., p. 227). 

 Time of appearance. — The species is absolutely single-brooded, 

 and rarely occurs in Britain until towards the end of July, continuing 

 on the wing throughout August, and often well into September. These 

 seem to be the usual months of its occurrence in central Europe — July 

 20th to end of August, at Autun (Constant), also in most parts of 

 Germany, although earlier or later specimens occasionally occur, e.g., 

 May 29th and 30th, 1882, and June 16th, 1886, at Cranz, where 

 July and August are the usual months for its appearance (Speiser). 

 South of the Alps at low elevations, appearances in June and early 

 July, are pretty general. Lambillion gives August and September 

 for Belgium, and we note June to August is given for Gottingen 

 (Jordan), Elberfeld (Weymer), Zeits-on-Elster (Wilde), Halle (Stange), 

 Upper Lusatia (Moschler), etc. ; in the Munich district from the 

 end of June to September (Kranz), whilst Zimmermann tries 

 to make it double-brooded, in the Hamburg district, May and July- 

 August. Fritsch, however, is most active in this respect, and gives 

 dates at Prague from June 15th to September 16th; at Briinn, May 

 5th-30th and July 23rd-November 2nd ; at Salzburg, May 27th-June 

 13th, and August 28th-September 11th, etc. Meyer-Diir says (ScJunett. 

 der ScJuveiz, pp. 216-7) that the species is probably double-brooded in 

 the lowlands, e.g., at Burgdorf, where it appears about June 17th, and 

 continues to the beginning of September, a break apparently occur- 

 ring from mid- July to August 24th, whilst, on the heights of the Jura 

 and the Alps, there is only one brood, e.g., August 6th- 10th, on the top 

 of the Grimsel, on the Meyenwand, in the Valais above Varen, Leuk 

 and on the Gemmi, and on August 14th in the Jura. We do not, how- 

 ever, believe even in the partial double-broodedness of this species, and 

 Fritsch's conclusion, based on records spread over a long series of early 

 and late seasons, is incomplete. The records probably all relate to a 

 single brood, appearing early one year and late another. The following 

 dates may prove interesting : — Continental records : In June, at 

 the top of the Lokman (Fountaine) ; June 27th, 1867, at Gyrenbad 

 on the Bachtel (Dietrich) ; September lst-5th, 1882, at Pierre- 

 fitte Nestalas in the western Pyrenees (Jones) ; September 8th, 1890, at 

 Spezia (de la Garde) ; July 28th-August 8th, 1894, at Courmayeur 

 (Tutt); July 26th-30th, 1895, at Mendel Pass (Tutt) ; July 30th- 

 August 5th, 1896, at Le Lautaret ; August 5th-12th, 1896, at La 

 Grave; August 12th-19th, 1896, at Bourg d'Oisans (Tutt); August 



