CYCLOPIDES PALiEMON. 195 



strongly bent downward, forming a considerable angle with the lateral 

 arms (Scudder, Butts, of New England, ii., p. 1571). 



Teratological specimen. — $ . The right hindwing about half the 

 normal breadth, the tornal area much reduced and the termen very 

 oblique. Taken at Newball, June, 1894 (Hampson, Ent. Mo. Mag., 

 xxxvii., p. 120). 



Variation. — There is little difference in the depth of the ground 

 colour, but considerable in the intensity and size of the spots, and the 

 marginal row of small dots varies from almost total absence to a 

 distinctly united series. Of the spots on the forewings the three 

 median spots, two in the cell and one directly below the nervure, are 

 usually joined into a rough V-like mark, and occasionally the inner- 

 marginal basal spot unites with the lower of the angulated series, 

 making a distinct mark along the inner margin ; it is rare that the 

 upper spots of the angulated series are joined, although the lower ones 

 almost always are. On the hindwings there is more variation, and 

 this extends between the full series — a large basal, two large central, 

 and an outside transverse row parallel with hindmargin — to entire 

 absence, except the three median and basal, of which the one on the 

 discal cell is alone really prominent ; in tint the spots vary from a 

 deep warm orange to yellow. In the specimens of the American 

 mandan in the British Museum collection, the spots are sometimes 

 rather larger, but they vary just as greatly as in the European forms. The 

 solitary example of mesapano is rather smaller and darker, and quite 

 indistinguishable from some European examples in the collection. On 

 the underside, the spots vary on the hindwings from yellow to quite 

 white. The difficulty of grouping the aberrational forms is self-evident. 

 With the material before us we do not see that we can do more than 

 the following, based on the spotting of the upperside : — 



1. The spots large, orange in colour (sometimes with tendency to coalesce), 

 and inconspicuous interneural marginal series = ab. aurantia, n. ab. 



2. The spots large, orange in colour, with conspicuous interneural marginal 

 series = ab. excessa, n. ab. 



3. The spots small and restricted (often fewer in number), orange in colour, 

 marginal series obsolete = ab. restricta, n. ab. 



4. As in 1, but yellow (not orange) in colour = pa laemon, Pallas. 



5. As in 2, ,, ,, ,, —latea-excessa, n. ab. 



6. As in 3, ,, ,, ,, =lutea-restricta, n. ab. 



On the underside of the hindwings we have the following : — 



1. The spots yellow, almost of the same tint as the ground colour — yalaemon, 

 Pallas. 



2. The spots yellow, distinctly edged with darker — ab. cireumcincta, n. ab. 



3. The spots white = ab. albiguttata, Chris. 



Stephens writes (lllus., iv., p. 100) that " the colour and size of the spots 

 vary greatly, and some specimens have the whole of the dusky-brown 

 areas thickly irrorated with yellowish, both above and below ; the sexes 

 differ little in colour." Raynor observes that, in Lincolnshire, between 

 1892 and 1896, he captured — (1) a $ in which the two central orange 

 spots on the hindwing coalesce, forming an irregular oblong ; (2) a $ 

 having all the paler markings of a dead dull orange, giving the whole 

 specimen a very cloudy appearance ; and (3) a 5 in which the orange spots 

 on the forewings are much reduced in size, so that the forewings have 

 quite a brown look." Oberthiir notes that aberrations occur in which 

 there is a tendency to confluence of the spots on the upper- and under- 



