198 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



tapering off to each end. The fullgrown larva measures 28mm. (twelve days after 

 its moult into this instar) ; the furrow down the face deepened and appearing to open 

 a little ; hybernation commenced, and then the colour gradually changed, all the 

 green fading out, and the body (in ten days) became of a yellowish-cream colour 

 with white stripes. This again darkened until the ground colour was a very pale 

 brown or dove-colour. In this larva, the lenticles appear to be saucer-shaped, having 

 a raised edge ; they are arranged in three lateral series, two of which are complete, 

 and occur on all the segments except the head, and the other, ventral and incomplete, 

 occurring only on abdominal segments 1, 2, and 7 ; the first series is placed above, 

 and anterior to, the spiracles, and the disks are sometimes double upon the abdominal 

 segments, but they are not always uniform on the opposite sides of the body. [In 

 the specimen most carefully examined they were double on abdominal segments 4, 

 5, 6 and 7 upon one side, but only on 4 and 5 on the other, and on the 1st abdominal 

 there was no disk of this series on one side, but it was present on the other ; on the 

 pro-, meso- and metathorax they are on the suprastigmatal line, on the lst-8th 

 abdominal segments, below the suprastigmatal line, and on the 9th abdominal, on the 

 supralateral stripe, and larger than the others.] The second series is single 

 throughout, posterior to the spiracles, except on the thoracic segments, where they 

 are slightly anterior on the fold above the true legs. The third (ventral) series 

 occurs only on the 1st, 2nd, and 7th abdominal segments jxist beneath the stigmatal 

 fold (Fletcher). Legs with the claw and the apex of the penultimate joint black or 

 blackish. Prolegs greatly infuscated, especially apically and upon the outside. 

 Spiracles black, set in a small black field surrounded with a fusco-ferruginous 

 areola. Length of the body 21mm., breadth of the same 2'8mm., of head l'8mm. 

 (Scudder). Distribution. — Dominion of Canada : Anticosti, southern Labrador 

 (Couper), Godbout, rare (Corneau), Lake Mistassini (Fletcher), Quebec (Bowles), 

 Bevan's Lake (D'Urban), Compton (Gosse), Ottawa (Billings), Ontario — Bobcaygeon 

 (Fletcher), Hudson Bay — Moose, common (Hay don teste Weir), Lake Superior — St. 

 Joseph's Island, Sanlt St. Marie, common (Bethune), Nepigon, not uncommon 

 (Fletcher), Lake Winnipeg (Edwards), Rocky mountains (Macoun), Lake La Hache 

 (Crotch), Vancouver Island (Fletcher), Alaska (Edwards), Alberta — Calgary (Nicholl), 

 British Columbia — Laggan, etc. (Bean), Keremeos, Penticton, Hedley, Illecillewaet 

 Glacier (Nicholl), United States : California (Behrens), New York — ? Adirondacks 

 (Edwards teste Scudder), New England — not uncommon in the higher valleys of 

 White Mountains (Scudder), at Norway (Smith), Maine (Fernald), Lake Chimo, 

 near Bangor (Braun). 



Bean, from examination of American specimens from Nepigon* (1 

 $ ), Lagganf (36 $ s), and Banff} (1 $ . 1 $ ), and European examples 

 from Germany (4 $ s, 2 $ «), Zurich (2 $ s, 1 ? ), and northern Finland 

 (2 cf s), concludes (Can. Ent., xxv., pp. 145 et seq.) that mandan of 

 New England, Eastern Canada and the F->ow valley, and palaemon of 

 Europe, are one species. His arguments are as follows : — 



1. The European palaemon is so uniform in size and colour, and presents its 

 variations in a manner so undemonstrative, that the true values of its variations are 

 easily recognised, and it is readily seen that the several variational phases consti- 

 tute but a single species.. 



2. Mandan, like many other American lepidoptera, is strongly influenced by the 

 meteorological peculiarities of widely separated districts, inhabited by it in North 

 America, and, in certain extreme conditions, displays its variational capacity with 

 a freedom and exuberance quite in contrast with the conservative variation of 

 the species in Europe. 



3. The variation in palaemon is essentially as important as the more 

 emergent and erratic variation shown in certain environments by mandan, and 

 palaemon, in its various attitudes is inseparable from corresponding aspects of 

 mandan, and helps to render evident the unity of the extreme phases of />/ indan. 



'■■ On the northern shore of Lake Superior. 



f Laggan, elevation 5000ft., on the Canadian Pacific Hallway, on the eastern 

 slopes of the Rocky Mountains, the summit of Kicking Horse Pass being six miles 

 only from Laggan. 



| Banff, a few miles to the south of Kicking Horse Pass, still in the Laggan 

 district. 



