206 BKITISH BUTTEKFLIES. 



days, after which it cast its larval skin quickly, being at one time free 

 at the anal end, and supported only by the silken belt, the cremastral 

 hooks, however, being fastened into the silken pad in about 20 minutes ; 

 the pupa assumes its final form and colour in about three hours after 

 pupation, altering very little in hue from the last coloration of the 

 larva (Frohawk). Some larvae, reared in 1883, were fullfed in October, 

 when they drew a grass blade round them, forming of it a complete 

 cylindrical silk-lined habitation. In this they remained till the follow- 

 ing February, when their removal caused the larvae to leave the caves, 

 and do a little spinning on the gauze covering of, or under the top edge 

 of, a cylinder in which they were placed. In these webs they fastened 

 themselves to an anal pad and spun a silken belt round the middle, becom- 

 ing pupae during the second and third weeks of March. As the larvae ate 

 nothing in spring, their hybernacula should possibly have been their 

 puparia (Hellins). On March 19th, 1894, a larva that had been 

 hybernating since the previous October, began to move, and left its 

 hybernaculum as soon as brought into a warm room, it would not eat, 

 however, and remained white and colourless. It did some spinning, 

 but, being disturbed, finally spun up on the glass in which it was 

 confined. With a general slight web over the whole area, there was 

 no definite extra anal pad, but, on either side of the thorax, were two 

 special mutton-chop-shaped pads, from the inner angles of which the 

 girth sprung. The girth at first crossed over the metathorax, but 

 later it was found crossing the prothorax ; how the change occurred was 

 not observed* (Chapman). 



Pupa. — The pupa has a very deep groove between the metathorax and 

 the 1st abdominal segment, made by (or for) the girth (which is not now 

 in it) . The 7th abdominal segment is fixed ; no maxillary palpi are 

 present ; points of third pair of legs show beside tips of maxillae ; 

 second pair of legs extend beyond antennae ; the cremaster forms a 

 bundle of very fine hooks on long shafts, terminal and slightly ventral 

 (Chapman. Note made from living pupa, March 21st, 1894). Length 

 15mm. Transverse diameter, across eyes (i.e., l-5mm. from front), 

 2-3mm. ; at the wing-spines (i.e., 4mm. from front) 3mm. ; thence it 

 regularly tapers to 2* 5mm. at 6th abdominal segment (12mm. from 

 frontf) , thence it tapers more rapidly but regularly to the end of the 

 cremastral spine, which is somewhat sharp. The nose-spine in front 

 is about 0'6mm. across base, and 0*8mm. long, fairly conical and 

 sharp-pointed, but sloping out at its base to the general surface 

 laterally ; dorsally, its surface is in a straight line with the medio- 

 dorsal line ; ventrally, this surface turns sharply ventrad, forming, 

 beneath the horn, a small surface directed to the front. Viewed 

 laterally, the dorsum is straight from the middle of the mesothorax to 

 the 5th abdominal segment ; in front of this it slopes ventrally at an 

 angle of about 30° ; behind the 6th abdominal segment it continues to 

 the cremaster in a curve. The head is l-5mm. in front of, and apex of 

 cremaster l-3mm. behind, the main dorsal line (if continued). 

 Ventrally, there is a nearly straight line the whole length of the 



*For pupation, the larva suspended itself exactly like a Papilio, except that 

 the girth was loose instead of being fixed by sinking into the chitin of the dorsum 

 (Chapman. June, 1894). 



f The free segments are a little telescoped, thus abbreviating some dimensions. 



