CYCLOPIDES PALiEMON. 209 



remaining five spiracles, which are indicated by brownish specks ; at the 

 base of the antennae are two short and fine blackish streaks ; the 

 antennae and wings faintly outlined with dusky brown. In general 

 appearance and colouring, the pupa closely resembles a piece of dead 

 withered grass. Five weeks later the pupa begins to change colour, 

 the wings turning greyish, and the eyes a deep pinkish-purple, and 

 finally becomes a dull leaden-grey all over. A 2 emerged five days 

 later (May 20th, 1892) (Frohawk). 



Time of appearance. — This is everywhere in the Palaearctic region 

 a single-brooded species, usually occurring for only two or three weeks 

 in late May or early June each year in England, France, and the 

 lower parts of central Europe, but varying somewhat according to the 

 season. In the mountains, however, the end of June and July are its 

 more normal time of appearance, and even early August has been 

 occasionally noted. Slater remarks that his observations, spread over 

 some 14 years, in the woods of Northamptonshire, suggest May 10th- 

 June 5th, as the usual time of appearance, varying, however, with the 

 season, specimens being on the wing, in 1893, as early as April 21st. In 

 the Nearctic region, the species also emerges from the pupal stage earlier 

 or later, according to the forwardness or tardiness of the season, and 

 is by no means so prompt to a date as are some of the local butterflies. 

 There is no indication of more than one brood in a season. At Laggan 

 (Rocky Mountains of Alberta) the species emerges in June, the $ s in 

 ordinary seasons appearing early in the month ; the $ s during the 

 last half of the month ; several $ s have been taken at Emerald Lake 

 (5600 feet elevation) in early July, and a $ at Agnes Lake (6800 feet 

 elevation) early in August (Bean). Throughout British Columbia, and 

 the valleys along the United States' boundary, it appears in June and 

 July, and was noted as occurring at Calgary, Alberta, at about 3000ft. 

 elevation, on June 24th, 1904 ; in British Columbia, at Keremeos, 

 4000ft., on June 15th, 1904; at Penticton, at 2000ft., on June 13th ; 

 at Hedley, at 4000ft., on June 10th ; and by the Illecillewaet 

 Glacier, 6000ft., on July 11th, 1904 (Nicholl); suggesting that its 

 time of appearance is largely modified by altitude, as in Europe. It 

 is also noted as occurring on June 26th, 1872, at Fox Bay, Anticosti 

 (Couper) ; in the White Mountains, it appears from June 5th to 

 middle of month; at Nepigon, in good condition, early in July(Scudder). 

 The most remarkable record is August 10th-24th, when butterflies were 

 taken at Sault St. Marie; Scudder thinks that this indicates here a 

 possible second brood, but remarks that it is no further south than the 

 White Mountains, where it is never seen later than June. In E urope, Miss 

 Fountaine observes that it flies in the Rohrwald, near Vienna, and in 

 the Szaar Forest, at the end of May, but on the top of the Maloja Pass, 

 in the Engadine, at the end of June. In the Lower Volga district, 

 Eversmann notes it as occurring in May and early June, and Caradja, 

 May and June in Roumania. In Scandinavia, a single $ was found at 

 Oplorig, near Kolverid, at 65° N. latitude in the beginning of July, 1875 

 (Collett). In Savoy, near Geneva, at the foot of the Grand Saleve, 

 the average time of appearance is from May 8th to June 5th 

 (Blachier). In Belgium it occurs from May to July, according to the 

 season (Lambillion) . Duponchel says that it usually begins to appear 

 in the forest of Raismes, near Valenciennes, about May 10th, in one 

 year as early as May 6th, whilst Oberthur notes that the species is very 

 common at the end of May and beginning of June in the Forest of 



