240 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



also that the paper in which some of the cocoons were spun was also 

 stained yellowish. In one or two instances there were some yellow 

 threads in the last larval tents, and sometimes the cocoon would be 

 commenced with white silk. The leaves or other materials used in 

 making the cocoon are fastened together by a network, with rather 

 large meshes, of strong, yellow, silken strands. This network also 

 covers any interval there may be between the leaves, but it is not 

 spun on the inner surface of the material which helps to form the 

 cocoon. In the interior there are some fine threads spun about the 

 walls, and, on one side of the interior, a large platform of rather densely- 

 spun yellowish silk is made. On this, the larva clings until pupation 

 takes place. The cocoon is completed in about two days, and the 

 larva rests on the platform for about three days before throwing off 

 the larval skin. When this has been successfully accomplished, the 

 pupa attaches itself to the silken platform by the cremastral hooks. 

 When newly changed, the head, dorsum of meso- and metathorax, the 

 wing-cases (and the limb-cases ?) of the pupa are green, the rest being 

 clear brown, without the dark spots. After 24 hours the green 

 becomes bluish-grey (Sich). The pupa occupies a cocoon formed of 

 a strong lacework of yellow silk. The silk is, as it were, a flat tissue, 

 with numerous circular holes of various sizes. These draw together 

 any surrounding objects; the interior has a very slight coating of silk, 

 to which the cremaster adheres tenaciously (Chapman). 



Foodplants. — Rubus fruticosus (Hellins), R. idaeus (Hiibner), Poten- 

 tilla fragariastrum (Harwood), P. reptans (Ray nor), Comarum palustre 

 (Lienig), Frag aria vesca (Sich), Agrimonia eupatoria, Coronilla, 

 Dipsacus sylvestris {teste Riihl), Potentilla anserina (Glitz), [Plantago 

 lanceolata (Richter)] . 



Pupa. — Deep chestnut-brown in colour, with a series of darker 

 (nearly black) markings ; the wings and appendages paler, as if nearly 

 transparent, and the green contents shining through, giving a green- 

 olive or brown effect, differing a little in different pupae. A further 

 obvious feature is the clothing of short pale brown hairs, except on the 

 appendages. A marked and curious feature of the pupa when 

 thoroughly mature is the presence of a white efflorescence or bloom, 

 densest round the prothoracic spiracle. The form of the pupa is 

 characteristically Hesperiid, although it wants the nose-horn and the 

 free proboscis-case of the typical Urbicolid ; how far these are confined 

 to Urbicolids, and wanting in Hesperiids, I do not know. The head 

 is very wide, large and distinct ; the glazed eyes are very broad, and 

 have the convexity directed forwards, and, being of dark colour, and 

 the area between them and the antennae being also a little darker than 

 the general surface, give one the (not altogether incorrect) impression of 

 their being very large eyes at either side of the head. Although there 

 is no frontal horn, the middle of the face is quite in front, and the 

 antennal origins are very dorsal. There is quite a " neck " (as seen 

 laterally), the mesothorax curving down in front to the prothorax, 

 which does not continue the curve, but proceeds more forward again. 

 The dorsum, except the. forward curve just noted, and a trace of waist 

 at metathorax, is quite straight, it being the normal attitude for the 

 abdominal segments 5-10 to be (apparently) bent backwards, so that 

 the ventral outline is very curved, the dorsal straight ; this results in 

 an exaggeration of the projection ventrally of the wing and maxilla 



