HESPERIA MALVJE. 241 



ends. Seen dorsally, the pupa is again widest at end of wings, i.e., 

 at beginning of the 4th abdominal segment, whence it narrows regularly 

 in a straight line to the wing-spine, and thence it falls in suddenly, 

 forming again a "neck" at the thoracic spiracle ; backward it tapers pro- 

 gressively in a curve to cremaster. A longitudinal axis of the pupa 

 beginning at the end of the cremaster would be close under the dorsal 

 line, and would come to the surface at anterior margin of mesothorax ; 

 one beginning at the most anterior point would be fairly central in the 

 pupa, more truly an axis for the greater part of its length, and would 

 reach the surface posteriorly at the posterior margin of the 6th 

 abdominal segment. Described in more detail ; the head, seen from the 

 front, is oval, the long diameter transverse ; centrally is a transverse suture, 

 the base of the labrum; above this is the clypeus, marked more by a 

 double patch of nearly black colouring than by sutures, and the vertex 

 (dorsal) above this ; below the suture is the labrum, and lower, and on 

 each side, two large pieces, apparently (and probably) the mandibles. 

 The black lines of the glazed eyes margin the ellipse at each side. The 

 whole surface (except labrum and mandibles) have a clothing of ruddy 

 brown hairs about 04mm. long. The head dorsally has a faintly 

 trefoil outline, the eye on either side projecting a little, with a hollow 

 between it and the front of the head, which equally projects a little. 

 The eyes are just visible, with the antennal bases behind them. The 

 antennae have transverse wrinkles, and these continue till those of the 

 two antennae nearly meet in the middle line, yet the sutures of the 

 sides of the antennae die out some way before this, die out rather than 

 suddenly end. Between the antennae, and in front of the prothorax, is 

 a narrow strip, cut off from the rest of the head by a suture as definite as 

 that between it and the prothorax ; this is the dorsal headpiece, with 

 longitudinal wrinkles, that continue across the suture into the front 

 (ventral) headpiece; it, and apparently the front headpiece, has a median 

 suture; its width is about 0-12mm. medially, 0-24mm. at outer ends. 

 This piece occurs in skippers only, amongst the butterflies. Seen 

 laterally, the head has a regularly curved outline. The glazed eye and 

 the dark area it encloses make a large part of the centre. The antenna 

 behind this has the joint between scape and flagellum in line with 

 lower margin of glazed eye, and the scape is fairly demarcated from 

 the rest of head, except perhaps at one point. The hairs give the 

 glazed eye some resemblance to an eye with lashes and eyebrows. 

 Seen ventrally, the outline of the head is the same as dorsally. 

 The dark colour of the clypeus forms the top, the eyes have again 

 the appearance of an eye with lashes. Centrally, are three large pieces 

 well marked out, the labrum and mandibles, the latter separated 

 by a narrow slip, which reaches up to the labium and extends 

 down for about an equal distance between the maxillae. This narrow 

 diamond-shaped piece has no central line, and is rather the labium 

 than the labial palpi. The prothoracic piece is about 0'5mm. from 

 back to front, and is wider at its posterior margin, as the antenna gives 

 it more room ; at its outer posterior border is the prothoracic spiracle. 

 Of this, the anterior margin, swollen into a smooth rounded projecting 

 roll of nearly black colour, is alone visible and is very conspicuous, 

 especially so as it is surrounded by a white mass of powdery material, 

 apparently a cutaneous exudation very like that of some aphides, and 

 perhaps with some affinities to the asbestos-like secretion of some mature 



