284 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



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Dehiscence of pupa. — On dehiscence the eye- cover remains attached 

 by filmy threads to the dorsal headpiece, and is quite separated from 

 all other parts. This contrasts very much with, say, Urbicola comma, 

 in which the eye-piece remains fixed between the face-piece and the 

 maxillae, and all attachment to the dorsal headpiece is ruptured. In 

 this respect, Urbicola comma is practically of ordinary obtect character, 

 whilst the habit in Nisoniades tages is exactly that of typical incomplete 

 (or micro) pupas (Chapman). 



Time of appearance. — The species is single- brooded in the British 

 Isles and the northern part of Europe, occurring in May and June, except 

 for a few examples that appear as a partial second-brood in very hot 

 summers, e.g., 1893, in late July and early August. In Scandinavia, how- 

 ever, the single brood often extends from June into July, and, in the moun- 

 tains of central Europe, too, the species also seems to be single- brooded, 

 appearing in June and July, whilst in southern France, Italy, etc., it 

 appears to be regularly double- brooded in April-May and July-August. 

 Caradja says that it occurs in two, or even three, generations between May 

 and September in the Haute-Garonne, but one suspects that there are 

 rarely more than two broods, even under the most favourable conditions, 

 although such records as May until September in Tuscany (Stefanelli), 

 and February to September in the Barcelona district (Martorell), leave 

 matters uncertain. As to its double-broodedness, we note that, at 

 Wiesbaden, it is abundant in May, a second partial brood appearing in 

 July (Prideaux) ; in Prussia, it usually occurs from early May to mid- 

 June, but, in warm seasons, is double-brooded, occurring in April-May, 

 and again in August (Speiser); occurs in April-May and again in July- 

 August, in Baden (Eeutti) ; in May- June and August- September, in 

 Belgium (Lambillion) ; May and June in the Pont de 1'Arche district, 

 but as early as April 11th, in 1893, and again in August (Dupont) ; 

 double-brooded in the lower parts of Switzerland, April-May and again 

 in July-August (Frey) ; although Muschamp says that the second 

 brood is much less abundant than the first in the Geneva district. It 

 is also double-brooded in Austria, e.g., in Bohemia (Nickerl), Lower 

 Austria (Bossi), Salzburg (Richter), the Carinthian Alps (Zeller), 

 and the Wels district, in April and again July -August (Brittinger) ; 

 whilst, in Roumania, a brood in May and another in September are 

 noted (Fleck), and, in Lombardy, May and June, and again August, 

 rare (Turati), are recorded. We have ourselves found second broods 

 at Susa, Torre Pellice, Aosta, etc., in Piedmont, as well as Gresy-sur-Aix, 

 and several other localities, in Savoy and Dauphiny. It is possibly 

 double-brooded in Greece; the first brood was taken in May at 

 Kalavryta (Fountaine). In the high Alps, June and July are the 

 usual months for the appearance of the single- brood, e.g., middle to end 

 of July on the Prenj mountains, late June in the mountains of Bosnia 

 and Hercegovina, early July at Pontresina, late June at Andermatt. 

 The following dates will give a good idea of the variation in the time 

 of appearance, both at home and abroad. Continental records.— 

 May 14th, 1865, in the Riedt, near Wallisellen (Dietrich) ; June 15th, 

 1880, at Andermatt (Jones) ; August 9th-12th, 1872, near Lucerne 

 (Lang); May 9th, 1887, between St. Maurice and Lavey ; May 

 18th, 1887, very abundant at Brunnen (R. J. Hutchinson) ; August, 

 1888, at Rochefort (Carlier) ; June 14th-16th, 1890, at Tancarville 

 (Leech); September 2nd. 1890, at Spezia (de la Garde); August, 



