RUKALIDES. 313 



The later historical material bearing on this group is of little 

 importance either in showing the origin of the family, subfamily, 

 tribal or generic names, which, by 1850, were all practically settled so 

 far as our Palasarctic fauna is concerned. We have, therefore, only to 

 add our summary of the data used in fixing the types of the genera 

 that we shall be called upon to consider in the systematic part of our 

 work that follows. These genera and their types are : — 



[1758] 1780. Plebeius, [Linne,] Kluk. — First used in generic sense by Kluk 

 in 1780. Heterotypical. Crotch, in 1872, erroneously states that Cuvier, in 1799, 

 fixed argus as type, but Cuvier does not use the name generically. Besides Crotch's 

 indication, Kirby, in 1896, fixed the type as argus (aegon). 



[1758] 1781. Euralis, [Linne,] Barbut. — Heterotypical in its use by Linne. 

 Type fixed as betulae by Barbut in 1781. 



1801. Cupido, Schrank. — Heterotypical. Type fixed in 1870 by Kirby as 

 alsus (which, he says, is included in Schrank's puer as ? of that species). 

 Schrank's s puer is a tailed species = argiades. Alsus ( — minima) accepted as type 

 by Tutt, in 1896. 



1804. Polyommatus, Latreille. — Genus founded independently to cover exactly 

 the same ground as Cupido. Type fixed in 1804 as argus ( — icarus) by Latreille. 

 Confirmed by Latreille in 1817 as icarus, with reference to Hiibner, figs. 292-4. 



1806. Busticus, Hiibner.— Created solely for argus, Hb. (argyrognomon), 

 which is therefore the type. Falls before Plebeius, [Linne,] Kluk. 



1807. Thecla, Fabricius. — Heterotypical. Type fixed in 1821 by Swainson 

 as betulae, Linn. Confirmed by Curtis in 1829, and by Westwood in 1840. Falls 

 therefore as a synonym of Ruralis, [Linne,] Barbut. 



1807. Lyczena, Fabricius. — Heterotypical, containing "blues" and "coppers." 

 Restricted by Latreille in 1809 to the untailed "blues," and by Oken in 1815 to 

 the " blues." Type fixed in 1824 by Curtis as phlaeas, but this action ultra vires 

 in face of previous restriction. Type fixed in 1838 as arion by Thon. 



1816. Zephyrus, Dalman. — Type fixed by Dalman as betulae, therefore falls 

 as a synonym of Thecla, Fab., and Ruralis, [Linne,] Barbut. 



1816. Aurotis, Dalman. — Dalman's section of Zephyrus containing betulae, 

 therefore falls as a synonym of Zephyrus, Dalm., Thecla, Fab., and Ruralis, 

 [Linne,] Barbut. 



1816. Heodes, Dalman. — Only virgaureae cited in the generic synopsis 

 (p. 63), therefore this is the type. 



1816. Cyaniris, Dalman. — Only argianus ( — semiargus) cited in the generic 

 synopsis (p. 63), therefore this is the type. 



1817. Aricia, R. L. — Created for Ochsenheimer's fam. A, the "blues." 

 Used by Herrich-Schaffer in 1839 for agestis (astrarche), which must, therefore, be 

 taken as the type. 



1817. Chrysoptera, Zincken. — Created for Ochsenheimer's fam. viii and fam. 

 ix, "coppers" and "hair streaks." Virgaureae should be taken as the type, this 

 being the species of which the larva was best known to Schiffermiiller and 

 Ochsenheimer, both of whom use the larval characters in their diagnosis of the 

 section. Falls as a synonym of Heodes, Dalm. 



1818 circa. Hamearis, Hiibner. — Heterotypical. Type designated lucina by 

 Curtis in 1830, confirmed by Westwood in 1840. 



1818 circa. Nomiades, Hiibner. — Heterotypical. Restricted by Stephens in 

 1835 to acis, alsus, alcon and arion. Type fixed in 1873 by Scudder as semiargus 

 (acis). Therefore falls as a synonym of Cyaniris, Dalman. 



1818 circa. Agriades, Hiibner. — Heterotypical. Restricted by Stephens in 

 1835 to argiolus, corydon, adonis, alexis, agestis, dorylas and icarius. Doubtfully 

 restricted further in 1858 by Kirby to corydon and astrarche (agestis). Stephens' 

 restriction renders Scudder's action, in 1875, of fixing orbitulus as type, ultra 

 vires. We woald suggest corydon as type. 



1818 circa. Lyc^ides, Hiibner. — Contains argus (argyrognomon) the type of 

 Hiibner's genus Rusticus, of which it is therefore a synonym. Falls also before 

 Plebeius. 



1818 circa. Everes, Hiibner. — Created for amynias (argiades) and its var. 

 polysperchon. Argiades is therefore the type. 



1818 circa. Lampides, Hiibner. — Heterotypical. Used in 1869 by Newman 

 for boeticus. Confirmed by Kirby in 1896. 



