314 



BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



1818 circa. Chrysophantjs, Hiibner. — Heterotypical. Restricted in 1841 bj 

 Westwood to phlaeas, hippothoe and virgaureae. Type fixed in 1875 by Scudder 

 as hippothoe. 



1818 circa. Scolitantides, Hiibner. — Created for battus, Hb. (or ion, Pall.), 

 and hylas, Hb. (baton, Bergs.). Type fixed in 1896 by Kirby as orion. 



1818 circa. Thestor, Hiibner. — Erected for protumnus and ballus. Restricted 

 by Lederer in 1857 to ballus, excluding protumnus ; ballus therefore becomes type. 

 Used also thus in 1861 by Staudinger. 



1818 circa. Lycus, Hiibner. — Type fixed in 1835 by Stephens as rubi, but 

 the name preoccupied from 1787 (in Coleoptera). 



1818 circa. Bithys, Hiibner. — Heterotypical. Restricted in 1835 by Stephens 

 to quercus, and confirmed by him in 1850 ; this is, therefore, the type. 



1818 circa. Strymon, Hiibner. — Heterotypical. Restricted in 1835 by Stephens 

 to pruni, betulae, w-album and spini. Scudder's action, therefore, in 1872, in 

 fixing titus as type is ultra vires. We would suggest pruni as type. 



1820. Callophrys, Billberg. — Type fixed in 1875 as rubi by Scudder. 



1827. Nemeobius, Stephens. — Created for lucina, sole species and therefore 

 type. Falls as a synonym of Hamearis. 



1828. Pithecops, Horsfield. — Heterotypical. Horsfield described hylax at 

 length, citing also alsus, lysimon, pheretes and d avion. We consider hylax 

 Horsfield 's type. 



1839. Tomares, Rambur. — Created for ballus; sole species and therefore 

 type. Falls as a synonym of Thestor, Hb. 



1858. L^eosopis, Rambur. — Created for roboris ; sole species and therefore 

 type. 



1881. Zizera, Moore. — Type fixed by Moore as minima, therefore falls as a 

 synonym of Cupido. 



1906. Rumicia, Tutt. — Created for phlaeas, which is therefore the type. 



1906. Celastrina, Tutt. — Created for argiolus, which is therefore the type. 



1906. Langia, Tutt. — Created for telicanus, which is therefore the type. 



1906. Loweia, Tutt. — Created for dorilis and alciphron, the form being the 

 type. 



Family : Euralid^e. 



This family comprises some of the most beautiful and interesting of 

 the Khopalocera. The glorious and vivid tints of the "blues" and 

 " coppers " on the upperside, the exquisite delicacy of their underside 

 markings, the conspicuous sexual diversity in colour and markings, and 

 the frequent sprightliness of their habits, mark them off as certain to 

 attract the earnest attention of all lepidopterists. The Pahearctic 

 members of the family subdivide very naturally into three sections, 

 the Ruralinae (Theclinae), or hairstreaks, the Lycaeninae, or blues, 

 and the Ghrysophaninae, or coppers. The family is much more 

 developed in the subtropical than in the temperate regions of the 

 earth, the Lycaenids being particularly numerous in the Old World, 

 the Kuralids (Theclids) in the New World, although they extend in 

 both hemispheres in such a manner as to give more than a fair 

 sprinkling to the species of the temperate fauna, or, as Scudder 

 says: "They are far more abundant in the tropics than in the tem- 

 perate zones, but even in the latter, especially in Europe, they form 

 a large proportion of the species." A very few species appear to be 

 common to both hemispheres, but many genera present very closely 

 allied species, especially in the north temperate zone. There are many 

 general characters in which this family shows alliance with the 

 Urbicolids, in spite of the great differences that exist between them. 

 Of these we need only mention- — (1) The tendency to flattening of the 

 ovum, so that the vertical axis is less than the horizontal. (2) The 

 presence of lenticles in the larva? of both groups. (3) The similarity 

 in certain antennal characters. 



Of the structural features of the Ruralids to be noticed, the egg is 

 very characteristic. It is generally very opaque, thick-shelled, 



