CHRYSOPHANIDI. 



321 



characteristic. These have the appearance of white points scattered 

 over the surface of the almost transparent skin ; full descriptions of 

 the lenticles and other larval structures will be given in our detailed 

 descriptions of the larvae. 



The Chrysophanid pupa is of characteristic Ruralid form, and will 

 be described in detail later. Taking the pupa of Rumicia phlaeas as 

 typical of the Chrysophanids, and that of Ruralis betulae as typical of 

 the Buralids (Theclids), one finds that the former differs from the 

 latter in its more uniform width, in the better developed ventral 

 abdominal segments, in the prolongation of the antennae beyond 

 the wings, the absence of puckering and folding on the extreme 

 edge of the outer margin of wing, also in the better developed 

 crem aster, and the more marked wing neuration. They are similar in 

 having short maxillae, in the ventral position of the glazed eye, in the 

 distance of the antennae from each other when they leave the ventral 

 surface, in the conspicuous first spiracle, in the traces or scars of 

 supraspiracular tubercles, and in the base of the first pair of legs 

 covering the base of second pair. Chapman has pointed out (Ent. Rec, 

 xvii., pp. 172 et seg.) the peculiar structures of the pupal skin of 

 Rumicia phlaeas, illustrating it by figures, which we reproduce on our 

 pi. x., figs. 1-2. He compares the skin-structure with thatof Thestor ballus, 

 whilehe has described andfigured (Em*, /fee, xvii., p. 145, pi. v., figs, land 

 2). He observes that, on the dorsum of a pupa of R. phlaeas, there is a 

 number of points joined together by fine ridges; the points are of two 

 kinds, very distinct in their nature and structure, and yet, perhaps, 

 identical, in that certain intermediates exist. Those that are most 

 definitely pointed are very much smaller than those of T. ballus, and, 

 although the structure of some is not very evident, in most it seems to 

 consist of a raised thick ring with a central knob, that is hardly part 

 of the ring, but set within it. The ring is very smooth in outline, 

 both inside and out, and the inner little knob is separated from it by 

 a paler ring that looks very similar to the membrane, or articulation 

 of a hair ; the little knob seems to be of simple structure, and without 

 any of the stellate form of those in T. ballus. The other form of 

 "points" are veritable hairs, i.e., they have definite circular bases, 

 just like those of ordinary hairs, and, centrally, is articulated a movable 

 structure, that can only be morphologically a hair. These hairs are, 

 however, of very elaborate structure ; they are hollow, and expand at 

 the tops, so as to be trumpet-shaped, the bell of the trumpet being 

 large, wide, and expanded, or they may be likened in form to the well- 

 known fungus, the chantarelle. • The margins of the bell, however, 

 are not smooth, but cut up into quite a chevaux de frise of spikelets, 

 and, in some specimens, can be made out into an inner circlet of 

 similar needlepoints, a little way within the bell. One or two specimens 

 suggested that these inner spikes were on a separate membrane, that, 

 when the specimen was fresh, formed a dome-shaped cover to the open 

 mouth of the trumpet. One suspects that the first class of points are 

 really hairs like the second, in an abortive or undeveloped state, and, 

 on comparing, critically, these structures with those of T. ballus, the 

 stars on that pupa would seem to be similar, morphologically, to the 

 hairs of R. phlaeas, but reduced, like those of the first kind of points on 

 R. phlaeas, to a mere base, but still preserving, in their stellate form, 

 the fringed and spiculate idea involved in the trumpet of R. phlaeas. 



