322 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



Continuing his studies, Chapman deals with the sculpturing of the 

 pupal skin of C. dispar (illustrating his further notes by the figures 

 which we reproduce in our pi. xi., fig. 2). The pupal surface is, as in 

 that of R. phlaeas, marked out in small polygonal areas by raised ribs, 

 which have, at their junctions, rounded tubercles, of which the darker 

 interior shows some indication of radial division into sections ; the 

 arrangement being, probably, indentical with that of T. ballus (Ent. 

 Rec, xvii., pi., v., fig. 1), in which the cells, however, are much 

 smaller and the ribs and tubercles larger, the latter with more obvious 

 detailed structure. One observes, in C. dispar (pi. xi., fig. 2), that, of the 

 ribs that usually join the tubercles, some sometimes fail to do so, and 

 lose themselves by spreading out on the flat areas, often fairly close 

 together, but with the aspect of preferring to take a slightly different 

 direction, and finish rather than meet their neighbours. (This phase 

 is well-illustrated in T. ballus.) In some areas all the tubercles are 

 bunched up to their neighbours, and there are no loose ends ; in others, 

 the ribs merely continue the hexagonal structure of the tubercles and 

 alternate with neighbouring ones, instead of meeting them. Although 

 at first suggesting that these tubercles represented skin-hairs, the idea 

 seems doubtful, since they never by any chance carry hairs. The few 

 very small hairs that occur on the pupa of T. ballus always occupy the 

 clear interspaces, and are, therefore, the representatives of the trumpet- 

 hairs of the Chrysophanids. It is especially to be observed that, in R. 

 phlaeas and C. dispar, the trumpet-hairs arise from bases in the inter- 

 spaces, and never from the ribs or their associated tubercles. The 

 trumpet-hairs of Heodes virgaureae, described and figured by 

 Chapman (Ent. Rec, xviii., p. 89, pi. iv., figs. 1 and 2), are exhibited 

 in our pi. xi., fig. 1, and might well be called " umbrella" hairs. They 

 are most numerous near the spiracles, and towards the latter segments, 

 but also exist over most of the spiracular region. Each has a long 

 narrow pedicel and a flat umbrella- like top, the latter appearing to 

 include a lower surface spreading out from the stalk, and a separate 

 dome-like top, the latter studded with raised points, but this is some- 

 what doubtful, and the top may be really centrally depressed, and be, 

 in fact, merely the upperside of what, on the other view of the 

 structure, has been called the lower surface. They appear to be 

 0*06 mm. in height, and of nearly the same diameter. The rig. 2 shows 

 the form and distribution of the surface spicules, also that the structure 

 is really of " trumpet" form, and that there is no top apart from the 

 expansion of the side of the hair. It also indicates the want of 

 relation of the origin of the hairs to the fine network of ribbing, and 

 the knobs at their points of intersection, noted in the other species. 

 If our pi. xii., figs. 1 and 2, be compared with pi. x., figs. 1 and 

 2, a very definite difference will be seen between the pupal sculpture 

 and hairs, otherwise so much alike, of Rumima phlaeas and Chrysophanm 

 dispar. In the former, there appear to be no hairs, except the trumpet- 

 hairs, whilst in the latter there are long hairs (O08mm.-0'17mm.) of more 

 ordinary type. These occur, however, only in the circumspiracular 

 region, including the prothorax. Each hair is a little swollen on its 

 last third, and from the surface of this portion arises a number of 

 fine spiculae, generally standing out at right angles to the axis of the 

 hair, and producing a very different appearance from the spiculated 

 hair so often met with. 



