CHRYSOPHANIDI. 323 



Chapman further observes (pi. xii., fig. 1) that, in Chrysophanus 

 dispar, the great mass of the circles unprovided with hairs are no 

 doubt len tides; some, he says, may be hair-bases, where the hairs have 

 been lost, and those that are not obscured (by air), are seen to possess 

 a membrane or diaphragm of minutely dotted structure, like that usually 

 met with in lenticles. The spiracle is of elaborate structure, and may 

 be described as an oval tube, nearly as long as it is wide, with the 

 opening it presents diminished to a central slit by membranous out- 

 growths in the sides, nearly meeting in the middle ; each of these 

 seems to be a pillar of transparent material, expanded at top into a flat 

 plate. This differs much, if not in essential structure, from that of 

 Rumicia phlaeas, in which each spiracle has an outer projecting mass, of a 

 chevaux de /rise character, looking as though the pillars (in C. dispar) 

 did not end within the spiracle, but, bending, emerged from the middle 

 of the spiracle, and then turning outwards in rounded batons closely- 

 set together, of a length rather greater than half the width of the 

 spiracle, formed a sort of outer basket-shaped structure, but of such 

 transparent materials that it is difficult to decide whether it does 

 consist of a number of separate batons, or whether the lines are only 

 grooves on a continuous structure. The pupse of C. dispar and of 

 B,. phlaeas, he says, present certain spiculated areas that very strongly 

 suggest the spicule on Nepticulid pupae and those of other lower micro - 

 lepidoptera, which are the forerunners and primary forms of the rows 

 of spines so well-developed on the pupse of Tortricids and various 

 other of the higher micro-lepidoptera. They agree with these micro- 

 spiculse in their distribution and in their attitude, i.e., directed back- 

 wards (not dorsally but terminally). They are very small, but are 

 more or less similarly arranged in rows. On the forward abdominal 

 segments they are dorsal only. On the 7th and 8th they are also 

 lateral, and on the 9th and 10th they occur ventrally and over wider 

 areas. In both species they occur as an anterior band along the 

 anterior borders of the segments, and a posterior close to the hind 

 margin. The anterior row occurs in R. phlaeas on all segments 2-9, 

 the posterior on 1, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 8. The posterior row on 2nd 

 abdominal segment is quite forward of the posterior margin, without 

 being quite in the middle of the segment. This is also the case in C. 

 dispar, in which the anterior row exists on 2, 6, 7, 8 and 9, and the 

 posterior on 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8. 



Plate xii., fig. 2, represents a portion of the cremaster of C. dispar. 

 The cremaster consists of a very large number of hairs about - 14mm. 

 long, with a double anchor-like hook, or pair of hooks, at the free end. 

 Just above these, on the right, is seen an area of skin-points, which 

 are very similar to, and continuous in distribution with, those already 

 referred to as forming the micro-like rows. These rows of spicules 

 have no apparent relation with any larval structures ; the full-grown 

 larva of R. phlaeas has spiculated hairs, but no skin-points, the skin- 

 surface being divided into a mesh of hexagonal cells by a fine 

 network of lines. Chapman says that it seems difficult to avoid 

 looking for some relationship with some micro-ancestor to account 

 for them, and yet it is almost more difficult to explain their 

 survival, since they must have been useless for their original 

 functions for many ages. It is, however, no easier to suggest 

 any other origin for them, or to imagine what useful functions 



