340 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



continuous sweep (like those of Chrysophanus hippotho'e and Loweia 

 amphidamas), and others had them very close up to the discal spot ; 

 there is much variation in width of dark margin, and exact position 

 and size of spots, without anything strikingly extreme. Blue spots 

 were fairly represented in all forms. The American R. hypophlaeas, 

 as described by Scudder, agrees very closely indeed, as has been 

 already noted, with the Lapland form. The specimens differ 

 in one point. The three large apical spots that lie in a 

 slightly curved line, one in each interneural space, are con- 

 tinued, in my specimens bred at 95°F., by one or two others, 

 in the next one or two spaces, that continue exactly the sweep 

 of the curve of the three below. Average English and many European 

 examples are without any trace of these extra spots, and Scudder 

 makes no mention of their occurrence in any American forms. In the 

 European specimens, the first of them is not unfrequently present, but 

 does not continue the line of the three below, and occupies a more 

 apical position. This spot is always present (or almost always) in the 

 Lapland specimens, and, in them, is very decidedly more apical, so as 

 to seem moved outward, just as the lowest of the three is beyond the 

 upper one of the pair below. In a considerable proportion of the 

 Lapland specimens the second of these extra spots is present, and lies 

 in the line of the three spots, without reference to the dislocation of 

 the preceding one. Beneath, the spots are repeated, and where both 

 are present, they look like a pair standing above, and one to either 

 side of, the top of the three usual spots. Although the dislocation of 

 the first extra spots is so variable in amount, or even absent (as in my 

 bred ones), I have not seen sufficient specimens possessing them to say 

 how far it marks a peculiarity of race. It is certain, however, that 

 this pronounced development of these spots in the Lapland specimens, 

 contrasts very decidedly with their absence in American forms. One 

 would, however, expect to meet with them in some American speci- 

 mens, even although so careful an observer as Scudder had not seen 

 them." Chapman further notes that Moore showed a specimen from 

 the Himalayas, from whose upper wings all copper had disappeared, 

 except a few spots outside the row of spots, though the hindwing was 

 nearly typical and with blue spots ; whilst American specimens from 

 Indiana (U.S. A.), Cape Breton and Halifax, were small (26mm.) but other- 

 wise very like the Lapland specimens. Several of the eastern and south- 

 eastern forms have been specially named, e.g., oxiana, Gr.-Gr., chinensis, 

 Feld., comedarum, Gr.-Gr., etc., but there has been no suspicion 

 of any want in their specific connection with phlaeas. Concerning 

 the American form, however, much doubt has arisen, as has 

 already been suggested, and many lepidopterists still consider it 

 distinct. Whether this be so, or not, we are not prepared to say, 

 but give herewith Scudder's notes on the variation (and life-history) 

 of the American insect. Fie says : " According to Pryer, phlaeas is 

 very strongly affected by temperature ; the first brood, which appears 

 in Japan in March, is very brightly coloured, while the later summer 

 broods are much darker, and the male almost black. Zeller makes 

 a similar statement concerning Sicilian specimens, though, in Switzer- 

 land, according to Meyer Dur, the differences are not nearly so great. 

 In //. hypophlaeas (americana), also, we find such differences, but 

 whether they vary in the north and south I do not know. Specimens 

 of the spring brood in Massachusetts are of a more fiery red, and the 



