KUMICIA PHLiEAS. 391 



also describes the fullfed larva (Ent., ii., p. 122). For Scudder's 

 description of the various larval instars see antea, p. 344. 



Pupation. — A larva, laid up for pupation, May 16th, 1906, has made 

 quite a cocoon by fastening adjoining leaves, etc., with white silk, 

 apart from the pad on which it rests. There appears to be very 

 frequently a " cocoon" to the extent of a few threads, attaching any 

 object lying laterally or dorsally. The larva is suspended by the terminal 

 cremaster and by a girth, consisting of a number of strands more or 

 less separate. The girth passes rather forward to its attachments, 

 i.e., if it were exactly transverse from its attachments it would cross 

 over the metathorax. On May 18th, pupation took place. The girth 

 then fell across the 2nd abdominal segment. It usually falls so far for- 

 ward as to be perhaps more properly described as being in the incision 

 between the 1st and 2nd, but it may even cross the outer posterior 

 angle of the 1st, abdominal segment. On the other hand, it may be as far 

 back as just in front of the spiracle of the 2nd abdominal segment. There 

 is no provision (as for instance in Papiliomachaon) that the girth shall take 

 an uniform position, still less that it shall be fixed there. The larva that 

 pupated on May 18th, remained, when a pupa, of the same colours as the 

 larva — red, green, with some yellow, and studded all over with brilliant 

 white points ; these seem to be the same as the white points of the larva, 

 but, on examination with lens, are seen to be the umbrella- or trumpet- 

 hairs. By the 20th, however, the pupa had lost all its brilliance ; it 

 is now of a deep reddish -brown, compounded of a terra-cotta ground 

 colour and much deep brown spotting, concentrated dorsally and 

 laterally into bands, also denser, round the margins of the thoracic seg- 

 ments, and between veins of wings. Under a lens, the black dots and net- 

 ting of the surface give very strongly a false impression of a clothing 

 of black hairs. The trumpet-hairs, instead of being conspicuous and 

 brilliant as when first moulted, now require considerable magnification 

 and some search to discover. The larval skin is still entangled 

 amongst the silk near the cremaster ; the girth is between the 1st and 

 2nd abdominal segments, passing rather backwards from its attach- 

 ment ; spiracles whitish-yellow, the cover of the prothoracic one very 

 conspicuous (Chapman). Buckler says that the fullfed larva spins a 

 silken web to which it attaches itself, also a triple thread round the body 

 behind the thorax, and thus pupates. Newman observes that it attaches 

 itself to the underside of a leaf or to a petiole, and there pupates, the 

 extremity of the pupa uncurved and furnished with extremely minute 

 hooks, by which it is attached to the web previously spun by the larva; 

 it is also fastened by a surcingle round the waist (Ent., ii., p. 122). 

 For pupation it fastens itself to a stem by means of some silken threads 

 (Bossier) ; the pupa is fixed by a girth to strong stems of plants 

 (Pabst) ; the chrysalis is found hanging upon the undersurface of 

 stones (Scudder). 



Foodplants. — Rvmex acetosa (Schiffermiiller), Fmniex acetosclla (Paul 

 and Plotz). Where dock and sorrel are equally plentiful, sorrel is 

 always preferred, and only on some young stiff- leaved plants of dock were 

 ova and larva? found (Hawes, Proc. Sth. Lond. Ent. Soc, 1893, p. 39). 

 Newman suggests (Ent., ii., p. 122) Rumex obtusifolius, and R. pulcher. 

 Fiddledock, ? R. pulcher (Bate, Ent. Rec, vii., p. 302). Rumex crispus, 

 R. scutatus (SStefanelli). Hawes and Merrifield give "dock," without 

 specifying the species, etc. Moncreaff notes (Ent., iii., p. 41) that, on 



