394 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES . 



homogeneous. The extension of the cremastral hooks, not merely 

 laterally along the 10th abdominal, but on the 9th abdominal, beside 

 the genital eminences, is strongly reminiscent of the double cremaster 

 of Alucitids (Pterophorids) . The pupal skin has an elaborate sculpturing 

 of remarkable interest. That on the dorsum shows a number of points 

 connected together by fine ridges. These points are of two kinds, 

 very distinct in their nature and structure, and yet, perhaps, identical, 

 in that certain intermediates exist. Those that are most definitely 

 " points " are very much smaller than those of Thestor ballus, perhaps 

 one-eighth or one-seventh of them in diameter ; of some, the structure 

 is not very evident, but, of most of them, it seems to be very parallel 

 to that of Thestor ballus, viz., a raised thick ring, with a central object 

 that is hardly part of the ring, but set within it. The ring is very 

 smooth in outline, both inside and out, and the inner little knob is 

 separated from it by a paler ring, that looks very similar to the 

 membrane or articulation of a hair. The little knob seems of simple 

 structure, and without any of the stellate form of that in Thestor 

 ballus. The other kind of "points" consist of veritable hairs, i.e., 

 they have definite circular bases, just like those of ordinary hairs, and,, 

 centrally is articulated a movable structure that can only be morpho- 

 logically a hair. ' These hairs are, however, of very elaborate structure; 

 they are hollow, and expand at the tops so as to be trumpet-shaped, 

 the bell of the trumpet being large, wide, and expanded, or they may 

 be likened in form to the well-known fungus, the chantarelle. The 

 margins of the bell, however, are not smooth, but cut up into quite a 

 chevaux-de-frise of spikelets, and, in some specimens, an inner circlet of 

 similar needle-points can be made out a little way within the bell. 

 One or two specimens suggested that these inner spikes were on a 

 separate membrane, which, when the specimens were fresh, formed a 

 dome-shaped cover to the open mouth of the trumpet. One can hardly 

 help theorising that the first class of points are really hairs like the 

 second, in an abortive or undeveloped state, and, on comparing, 

 critically, these structures, with those of Thestor ballus, the stars on 

 that pupa would seem to be similar, morphologically, to the hairs of 

 Rumicia phlaeas, but reduced like those of the first kind of points on 

 it!, phlaeas, to a mere base, but still preserving in their stellate form, the 

 fringed and spiculate idea involved in the trumpet of B. phlaeas (see 

 plate x., figs. 1 and 2) (Chapman). Newman describes the pupa (Ent., 

 ii., p. 121). Scudder gives a good detailed description also (see antea, 

 pp. 344-345). 



Variation of pupa. — The colour of the pupa varies a little. In all 

 cases a certain green basis exists, but it is, more or less often, one 

 would say at first glance, completely, overlaid by a brownish shade, 

 giving a more or less olive result. This, again, is modified by dark, 

 almost black, markings, which vary a great deal in extent, often fairly 

 distributed, usually more pronounced on anterior half of pupa (including 

 the 1st abdominal segment), and sometimes making the thorax nearly 

 black. The markings may be described as marblings, but massed a 

 little into a dorsal line, and more abundant across the front of the 

 thorax, and halfway between dorsum and spiracles. On the abdominal 

 segments may be especially noted two black spots, which are usually 

 very distinct ; one halfway between dorsum and spiracle, the second 

 lower, and posterior to the first ; these occur on many Lycamid pupae ; 



