RUMICIA PHLvEAS. 395 



they are very distinct, usually, on that of Lampides boetica. Amongst a 

 few pupae the following variation may benoted : 



1. Fairly typical, these two black spots distinct. 



2. Markings less pronounced ; two spots can be made out, as also another 

 (more dorsal) which occurs in many Lycsenid pupae. 



3. Pale ; spots evanescent. 



4. Dark ; spots obscured by excess of black markings. 



Comparison of pupje and pupal dehiscence of Rumicia phlaeas 

 and Chrysophanus dispar. — Two empty pupa-skins of R. phlaeas, 

 received July 1st, 1906, from Mr. Tonge, are both attached to a 

 piece of card, apparently quite naturally. They are much flattened 

 on both abdominal and thoracic areas, thus presenting a marked 

 contrast with the boldly upstanding appearance of the pupa of 

 Chrysophanus dispar, as regards its abdomen. They also show a 

 dead surface to the naked eye, as opposed to the dull, but smooth, 

 polished appearance of that of C. dispar. This deadness is 

 partly caused by irregularities of surface, but is largely due to the 

 growth of trumpet-shaped hairs scattered over the surface generally, 

 instead of being restricted to the areas surrounding the spiracles, and 

 to the strength of the surface-sculpturing, which is much bolder than 

 in the pupa of G. dispar. It is also, to a certain extent, due to colora- 

 tion, the skin being of a pale, dull, umber-brown, with darker mottling 

 of greater or less intensity, and with a series of black spots. This series 

 consists of a mediodorsal row, of one to each segment, replacing the 

 mediodorsal band of C. dispar, from the 1st to the 6th abdominal seg- 

 ments, and a pair set side to side on the 7th abdominal. The splitting 

 at dehiscence spoils the view of the thorax, but this, I think, has a 

 narrow, dark, mediodorsal line in place of the spots. There is a series 

 of two obliquely- set spots above the spiracle, as in C. dispar, but they 

 are black instead of white, and their centres are depressed ; another 

 series of single spots occurs between these and the mediodorsal series, 

 but there are no oblique stripes. There is also a series of sub- 

 spiracular spots, which again are black instead of white, as in G. 

 dispar. Traces of three rows of ventral spots are also present. The 

 spiracles are conspicuous, large, raised, and slit-shaped. They appear 

 somewhat more raised than in G. dispar, but this is possibly due to the 

 rising of the depressed area since the dehiscence, as those of G. dispar 

 also seem more elevated since the emergence of the imago. The mode 

 of attachment of the pupa of R. phlaeas is the same as in the larger 

 species, but, of course, no curled leaf is present. The girth is, however, 

 stronger, and, in both the pupae of R. phlaeas, is caught in the incision 

 between the 1st and 2nd abdominal segments, instead of lying on the sur- 

 face of the segment ; additional threads are present across the thorax, but 

 none below the band, neither do I see any trace of the laterally attached 

 returning threads, mentioned in the account of G. dispar (see postea). 

 The pupal dehiscence, as in G. dispar, is by way of a rupture down the 

 mediodorsal line of the thorax, and between the metathorax and the 1st 

 abdominal segment, as well as, ventrally, between the prothorax, head, and 

 antenna?, and also between the pro- and mesothoracic segments, so that 

 the prothoracic piece is separated into two, and either completely 

 detached, or left hanging by the internal membranes. There is, how- 

 ever, one marked difference between the pupae of this species and G. dispar, 

 on dehiscence, in that the antenna-cases do not separate from the head- 



