430 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



wings, as in the 2 , but he believes that this detail is found in certain 

 European examples. Miss Fountaine found a very small form of the 

 butterfly common around Kavaran Szakul at the end of July, 1898, 

 whilst near the Kammerwald, in August, most of the specimens were 

 much larger. Courvoisier notes (Mitt. d. Schweiz. Ent. Gesell., xi., 

 p. 22) of the Lycasnid variation, certain " formae connuentes multi- 

 plices," with subdivisions — " (1) 'Forma radiata a' illustrated by 

 pJdaeas $ , having the discoidal spot confluent with the transverse row 

 of spots, leading to conflupnce of the basal spot with the discoidal as 

 well. It appears to be more frequent in hypophlaects than with us, and 

 has been na,me& fascia to:. 1 ' " (2) ' Forma radiata b ' illustrated, by rutilus 

 2 , having the transverse line of spots confluent with the outer 

 marginal lunules, leading on to confluence between the discoidal spot 

 and marginal lunules and even between the basal and discoidal spots." He 

 describes another group as "Formas luxuriantes," illustrating his sect, e 

 of this group again by " examples of rutilus £ 2 , in which extra spots ap- 

 pear in situations otherwise spotless, and, in this species, sometimes, form 

 elongate dashes at the baseof the wings." Leonhardt observes (Ent. Zeits. 

 Guben, xviii., p. 53) a $ with albinism developed on the outer and inner 

 margins of the right fore wing ; taken in Upper Alsace near Hiiningen. In 

 the British Museum coll. the British $ s (six) of dispar follow those in the 

 Doubleday coll., so far as the spots between the discal one and the base is 

 concerned, viz., two have a distinct extra spot, one has none, and three 

 have very faint traces, whilst all more or less show sufficient brilliancy 

 on the outer margin of the hindwings to suggest the band that is so 

 distinct in the 2 . Five of the seven 2 s are richly coloured, two are 

 distinctly yellower in tint, a feature quite common in the German 

 rutilus, yet not characteristic of the type as described by Ochsenheimer. 

 Thispaler-tintedformwecallab. ^ubeujirea, n.&b. In all the British 2 sthe 

 spots on theforewings are large. Three of these 2 sshow only one largish 

 spot between the discal cell and the base, three others show a second small 

 spot, whilst one specimen has this second spot developed into a wedge-like 

 streak, ending in a fine point towards the extreme base of the wing, butnot 

 united with the normal spot between the discal spot and the base as in the 

 2 in the " Doubleday coll." already described as ab. cuneiyera. In the 

 rutilus in the British Museum collection this second discal spot is rare, 

 and in none is the wedge-like streak developed. Of the submarginal series 

 of spots, the tw r o middle ones are considerably elongated in three of the 

 British examples, but variation in this direction is much more frequent 

 in the long series of 2 rutilus from Germany. On the whole, these 

 latter examples have much smaller spots in this submarginal series, 

 but they show so complete a gradation that one might group them as: 

 (l)nb.sagittifera (with all the spots much extended, the 2nd and 3rd from 

 the costa almost or quite reaching the discoidal spot, the 4th and 6th some- 

 times with somewhat dot-like endings) ; (2) ab. excessa (the spots extended, 

 Avith small separated spot extensions at their inner ends) ; (3) the typical 

 form (with fair-sized spots) ; (4) ab. jxirra (with small spots) ; (5) ab. 

 subobsoleta (with disappearing spots) ; (6) ab. obsolete* (with the series quite 

 absent). Still more remarkable, however, is one example (originally 

 from the Leech coll.), with the spots sufficiently united to form an 

 almost transverse band ( = ab. transversa). This, with another 

 example from the same collection, looks as if it had been reared 

 under unsuitable environmental conditions, the bands being broad, 



