CHRYSOPHANUS DISPAR. 431 



the dark colour somewhat faded, and the outermarginal copper band 

 on the hindwings much reduced. The German rutilus, too, are very 

 variable in the hindwings, and show gradation in colour from 

 wholly brown-black (extending from the outer marginal copper band to 

 the base, with scarcely even a trace of copper nervures, and no trace 

 whatever of the transverse rows of spots), to the hindwings having the 

 same tint as the forewings, presenting only a marked discoidal lunule 

 and slight fuscous shading towards the base and along the inner margin, 

 with barely a trace of, or no, spotting anywhere in the ground colour ; 

 intermediate stages have well-marked nervures, and one, or two trans- 

 verse rows of spots are, of course, frequent, although, as a rule, the spot- 

 ting of the hindwings in German rutilus tends to obsolescence, so that the 

 hindwings of the 2 s may vary in : (1) having the whole area from hind- 

 marginal band to the base uniformly blackish-brown ( = ab. niyrescens), 

 (2) ditto, but with fine copper nervures ( = ab. neurata, n. ab.), (3) with 

 the outer portion divided into marked wedge-shaped spots ( = 3bb. cuneata, 

 n. ab.), (4) with the basal area somewhat paler and two rows of trans- 

 verse spots showing ( = ab. bilineata, n. ab.), (5) ditto, with only inner 

 row of spots ( = ab. itnilineata, n. ab.), (6) with the hindwings almost uni- 

 colorous and unspotted ( = ab. siippressa, n. ab.). The absence of the 

 fine discoidal lunule on the hindwing of the $ is rare ; it is practically 

 absent in a specimen from Silesia, quite absent in an example from 

 Greece and another from Bosnia, whilst both this and the discal spots 

 of the forewings are absent in some examples of var. auratus from Korea. 

 The much less brilliant ground colour of both fore- and hindwings, 

 especially in the $ s, the want of intensity in the dark markings, the 

 broader bands, the darker nervures, and the more uniform-sized spots on 

 the forewungs, and the rather dull, uniformly-tinted, basal and median 

 areas of the hindwings, appear to be characteristic of the Eastern 

 European and Western Asiatic races. The females of the auratus form 

 from Korea are of the subauprea tint, i.e., inclining to flavescent in colour 

 In size, there is considerable variation, the smallest European examples 

 that have come under our notice are a $ , 27mm., and a $ , 31mm., 

 from Germany, in the British Museum coll. We have others nearly 

 as small from Buda-Pest and Belgrade, and would consider anything 

 under 34mm. as being exceptionally small ( = ab. minor, n. ab.). 

 Lowe says that 2^ s taken at.Neu Breisach, June 14th, 1901, measure 

 respectively 29mm. and 39mm., the two 2 s 31mm. and 37mm., and adds 

 that here they vary much in size, and are small compared with English 

 dispar and Berlin rutilus, for he has a 2 from the latter locality measuring 

 42mm. ; we have seen examples from Spandau, near Berlin, expanding 

 48mm. The smallest British example in the British Museum collection 

 is a $ of 39mm. expanse. Fenn notes that the measurement of fifteen 

 British examples in his collection run — $ s, — lin. 31in., lin. 7flin., 

 lin. 81in. (2), lin. 8Jlin. (4), lin. 91in. (2), lin. 9|lin. ; 2 s— lin. 7*lin., 

 lin. 8|lin., lin. 91in., lin. lOlin. [We have a $ rather larger than 

 the largest of these, viz., w T ith a w 7 ing-expanse of 49mm.] Of these 

 examples, Fenn notes that, "four of the males have, on the upperside, 

 a more or less pronounced second spot between the central discal spot 

 and the base of the forewing ; the black central lunule on the hindwing 

 also varying greatly in intensity. Of the 2 upperside, the general 

 variation is — in the marginal blackish band of the forewing, which is 

 deflected at a greater or less distance from the anal angle, and in the 



