432 



BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



intensity of a 3rd spot between the two central (subdorsal) spots 

 and the base. In one specimen this 3rd spot is obsolete. The hind- 

 wing of the 2 in some examples has a distinct row of spots below the 

 central spot, but these are often lost in the black radii. The spots on 

 the underside of both sexes vary considerably in size." Edwards has two, 

 the measurements of which are $ =44mm., ? =46mm. Kaynorhasa 

 5 in his collection in which the two large discal spots on the fore wings 

 are joined together by a narrow black neck, constituting n.ah. pwictijuncta : 

 expanse of wings 44mm. We have already noted one in the Doubleday 

 coll. (and another, rather less developed, in the Brit. Museum Coll.) in 

 which the second discal spot is united with the third, and then continued 

 onwards to the base as alarge wedge-shaped spot = &b.cuneir/era. It would 

 be interesting to know the cause of the change in ground colour in two 

 $ s in our own collection, both being of a dull tawny-brown instead of 

 the normal copper colour = ab. brunnescens. We have seen no others 

 like them. They came into our possession many years ago, and were 

 of this same peculiar tint then. We have also in our collection a British 

 $ reputed to be the last example bred by Doubleday in his garden at 

 Epping. It is slightly weakened on the left side, and has a small 

 pallid patch towards the middle of the outer margin of the left forewing, 

 whilst the margin of the left hindwing is also rather pale, but the most 

 remarkable feature of this example is a most beautiful and delicate purple 

 tinge on both hindwings, but most marked on the right, extending from 

 the inner side of the obsolete outer marginal band well on towards the 

 base, reaching beyond the discoidal cell, as well-developed purple wedges 

 = ab. purpurascens, n. ab. This development of a purple tinge 

 in this species is most unusual. The races and aberrations of this 

 species that have been already described are as follows : 



a. var. rutilus*, Wernebg., "Beit.," pp. 243, 391.494(1864); Staud., "Cat.," 

 2nd ed., p. 8 (1871) ; Kirby, " Eur. Butts, and Moths," p. 55, pi. xiv., fig. 12 (1879) ; 

 Lang, "Butts. Eur.," p. 91, pi. xx., fig. 1 (1881); Kom., "Mem.," L, p. 50 

 (1884); Locke, " Soc. Ent.," iii., pp. 12-13 (1888); Kiihl, " Pal. Gross- Schmett.," pp. 

 209, 745 (1892); Horm., " Soc. Ent.," viii., pp. 58, 130 (1893); Tutt, "Brit. 

 Butts.," p. 150 (1896) ; Staud. and Beb., " Cat.," 3rd ed., p. 73 (1901) ; Wheeler, 

 "Butts. Switz.," p. 13 (1903); Keb., "Ann. K. K. Nat. Hof. Mus.," p. 185(1903); 



* This is purely a " nov. nom." with no independent description or even 

 explanation. Werneburg has shown earlier in his work (Beit., p. 243) that the true 

 liippothoe, Linn., is chryseis, Ochs., and this obviously leaves hippothoe, Auctt., 

 in need of a new name. When Werneburg comes to the tabular comparisons of 

 the works of Schiffermiiller andFabricius this is supplied, for he gives (op. tit., p 391): 



WlEN. VEEZ. 



1775. 



Gen. Ins. 



Mant. 

 1777. 



Spec. Ins. 

 1781. 



Mant. Ins. 

 1787. 



Ent. Syst. 

 1793. 



Name in other 

 Authors. 



M. 2. 



Hippothoe 



(20). 



353-54. 

 Hippothoe. 



568. 

 Hippothoe. 



723. 

 Hippothoe. 



172. 



Hippothoe. 



i Rutilus, M. 

 ( Hippothoe, 0. 



Werneburg's note 20 (on p. 494, at the end of the tables) says : " Hippothoe, W.V., 

 is without doubt — liippotli or, O., for, as the Viennese entomologists give also, in 

 addition to this butterfly, virgaureae, ckryseis, and hipponoc, O. (lampetie, 

 W.V.), distinctly denoted, there remains no choice." Fabricius, in 1777 and 1781, 

 obviously mixes up hippothoe, O., and chryseis, 0. He first separates the two in 

 1787. Thus the diagnoses of rutilus will be successively, Schii'f., " Wien. Yerz.," 

 Fiib., " Mant.," p. 723, and Ochs., "Die Schmett.," i., p. 84, and especially the 

 latter, as that is actually bracketed with the n. nom. in the synonymy, and appealed 

 to for the determination of the older authors. We therefore use this description 

 above for this particular form. 



