CHRYSOPHANUS DISPAR. 433 



p. 180(1904); Gill in., "Ins. Borse," xxiii., p. 23 (1906) ; Zobel, "Ins. Borse," 

 xxiii., p. 48 (1906). Hippothoe", Schiff., " Wien. Verz.," p. 181, no. 2 (1775); 

 Fab., "Gen. Ins. Mant.," pp. 353-4, in part (1777) ; " Spec. Ins.," p. 568, in part 

 (1781); "Mant. Ins.," p. 723(1787); " Ent. Syst.," p. 172 (1793); Hb., " Schmett. 

 Eur.," pi. lxx., figs. 352-4 (1799); Ocks., " Die Schmett.," i., p. 84 (18081; God., 

 " Hist. Nat.," i., p. 200, pi. ix sec, fig. 5, x sec, fig. 3 (1821); " Enc. Meth.," ix., 

 p. 668 (1823) ; Freyer, " Neu. Beit.," ii., p. 55, pi. exxvii (1836). Rutila, Kirby, 

 "Handbook," etc, ii., p. 91, pi. Ii., figs. 3-4 (1896). — This insect is generally 

 larger than P. virgaureae which is closely related to it. The $ is, on the upper- 

 side, of a glossy fiery colour, with a black costal and outer edge, which is 

 particularly strongly marked at the apex of the forewings ; without any bluish sheen, 

 and with black spots on the hindwings. The forewings have a narrow longi- 

 tudinal central spot, the hind ones, a fine streak; the fringes are white. The ? is 

 lighter in colour, with- a broader, black, outer edge, two similarly coloured central 

 spots standing abreast, and a bent row of spots on the forewings ; the hindwings 

 are brownish-black, with black effaced spots and a glossy red marginal band. 

 On the underside, the forewings of both sexes, are reddish-yellow, bluish-grey 

 towards the edge, spotted, with black on the outer margin, the black spots bordered 

 with yellowish, placed as on the upperside of the ? . The hindwings bluish ash- 

 grey, darker towards the base, with many black, white-margined spots, and a 

 reddish-yellow marginal band dotted on either side with black spots. This butterfly 

 is found in northern and southern Germany [also in Sweden] (Ochsenheimer). 



The name rutilus is generally applied to the continental and 

 western Asiatic form of this species, btaudinger (Cat., 3rd ed., p. 73) 

 diagnoses it as : " Maculis nigris minoribus, praesertim subtus " ; whilst, 

 in the 2nd edition, p. 8, it was described as " var. minor, maculis 

 minoribus." It was first confused with hippothoe, Linn., but there 

 seems to be little doubt that the insects described by Fabricius (Mant. 

 Ins., p. 723) and by Ochsenheimer (Die Schmett., i., p. 84) really 

 belong to this species. In 1821, Godart described (Hist. Nat., i., p. 200) 

 the species from various localities in France, " the $ of a ' fauve- 

 ponceau ' (tawny-red) with a narrow black border, entire on the fore- 

 wings, interiorly crenulated on the hindwings ; there is also a black dis- 

 coidal mark near the centre of each wing, that on the hindwing being 

 finer and curved. The $ has the upperside bright tawny, with the 

 margins and spots black ; the upperside of the hindwings blackish, 

 with a tawny marginal band, hollowed on its outer edge. The under- 

 side of both sexes is as in chryseis, but the hindwings are bluish 

 towards the base, and there is a black streak in the discal area instead 

 of the two ocellated spots." In 1836, Freyer (Neu. Beitr., ii., p. 55), 

 after referring to Geyer's then recent figure of the larva, says that 

 " the imago on the upperside closely resembles P. virgaureae, but the 

 underside is very similar to P. hippothoe, only that the hindwings are 

 lighter ash-grey, with a dash of blue, and the ocellated spots somewhat 

 smaller ; the 2 is very different on the upperside from the allied 

 species. The black central spots on the forewings distinguish this 

 butterfly from its allies. It is generally larger than virgaureae, but I 

 have here examples that are smaller than that species." He adds that 

 " the butterfly is found in south Germany and Switzerland, and is 

 scarce." In the Societas Entom., viii., p. 58, Hormuzaki observes that 

 " this insect is abundant in two broods everywhere in Bucovina, even 

 up to the mountain region. The examples of the spring brood are 

 larger, reaching to 40mm. in the ? s, and coloured more vividly red. In 

 the 2 s also, the spots on the forewings vary much in form, sometimes 

 being large and circular, at others pointed towards the base; occasion- 

 ally placed irregularly, particularly the upper three spots (from nervure 

 M 3 towards the costa), which are sometimes pushed somewhat out 



