456 



BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



but not in reality, composed of folds of intersegmental membrane. 

 The baustellum-case and leg-cases extend about two-thirds of the length 

 of the antenna (Bacot, June 24th, 1906). The swollen abdomen of the 

 pupa and the markings upon it certainly have some resemblance to the 

 abdomen of a large spider (Sich). 



Pupal colour changes. — 2 Pupa (five days old) : The eyes show 

 darkly. Sice days old : Eyes and legs dark-grey, wings with an ochreous 

 tint, prothorax still very pale, meso- and metathorax darker grey. 

 Seven days old: Eyes almost black. Prothorax still pale, ground 

 colour elsewhere ochreous-brown. Limbs very dark; wings deep 

 ochreous, with the borders dark. The oblique stripes and pale spots 

 of the abdomen still conspicuous. Seren-and-half days old : Wings 

 becoming coppery, black wing-spots visible. Eight days old : Ground 

 colour very dark, almost black prothorax, 1st abdominal and the stripes 

 and spots on the abdomen grey. The 9th and 10th segments ochreous- 

 grey, with a black quadrilateral spot in the centre. Spiracles still silvery. 

 In the spiracular region the dark abdomen appears grey on account of 

 the numerous white trumpet-hairs here situated. Wings red, with 

 black outer-marginal band and spots. Antennae black, ringed finely 

 with pale grey. On the ninth day the butterfly emerged (Sich). 



Time of appearance. — The species is hardly to be called partially 

 double-brooded in its localities in Central Europe, for the taking of even 

 an occasional autumnal specimen is a rare occurrence in the more 

 northern parts of its area. In Britain, it seems to have occurred as a 

 single-brooded species, appearing between the end of June and the com- 

 mencement of August, the earliest date recorded in the diaries of 

 J. C. Dale being June 25th, 1826. The same observer notes also July 

 3rd-5th, 1833, July 19th, 1827, August 1819, and August 4th, 1821. 

 Speechly took imagines in August 1818, whilst Dale further notes larvae 

 as taken on June 6th, 1841, June 25th, 1826, and July 24th, 1827, and 

 pupae July 25th, 1827. Larvae were also taken June 7th, 1841, at 

 Whittlesea Mere, by Doubleday (Ent.,xx\ni., p. 42). Haworth gives July 

 as the time of appearance of the imago, so also do Stephens and other 

 British authors, and Bond particularly states that the species was not, in 

 his opinion, double-brooded in this country, and that the imago made its 

 appearance in July and August from larvae found feeding on Rumex 

 hydrolapatJutm in June. Gillmer says that, in nature, in the Berlin 

 district, the insect is single-brooded, although, in confinement, an 

 occasional specimen of a second-brood may be reared, e.g., Fassl bred 

 a 2 August 18th, 1905, but Gillmer doubts whether even this was 

 not a late example from a hybernated larva, as the same year larvae 

 three-quarters grown were taken (with this) by Fassl on July 12th, whilst 

 larvae of the year were still very tiny on August 9th. Dadd notes it as 

 being in fine condition in the beginning of July, 1904, at Spandau. 

 It may be that a few feed up rapidly in warm seasons, as there is no 

 question of its double-broodedness in the south-east and south-west of 

 Europe, e.g., it is recorded as occurring in the Bordeaux marshes in 

 May, June, and again in August and September (Brown), whilst Godart 

 found it as early as June 15th, 1821, near Petit-Gentilly. Verity notes 

 it at Modena, September 6th, 1900, evidently a second brood. Rehfous 

 captured examples August 8th-23rd, 1905, at Glanon-sur-Saone, of 

 small size, and possibly, therefore, of the second-brood. Norris found the 

 imagines abundant from September 12th-October 1st, 1891, at Lago 

 Massciuccoli near Viareggio, the specimens being in good condition on 



