460 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



scarcely ever to extend beyond the hill region ; in East Prussia it 

 occurs in marshy meadows (Speiser) ; also in the Stepenitz district, as 

 well as in the meadows of the Oder near Jungfernberg (Fiering), in 

 the marshy meadows of Silesia (Wocke), and of Baden (Meess and 

 Bpuler), in the marshy lowland meadows of Alsace (Speyer), whilst at 

 Neu Breisach the ground it haunted was very wet (Lowe). Gillmer 

 says that the butterfly flies in damp meadows, and prefers the ditches 

 and watercourses ; its appearance is very irregular, and it often disappears 

 for a long time from districts where it has beforetimes been abundant. 

 The comparative rarity of the insect in the Berlin district, he says, is 

 perhaps to be explained by the fact that the foodplant is cut down in June 

 and July, destroying thereby many eggs and larva?; in quiet ditches, where 

 the foodplant grows undisturbed, they are more abundant, and the 

 larva? and eggs may be found naturally in August. Bartel and Herz 

 note the butterfly as being abundant in 1901, in the Berlin district, 

 after having been comparatively rare for a long time. Peyerimhoff 

 says that, in Alsace, it occurs in damp meadows and by the sides 

 of ditches, e.g., the ditches of the glacis at Strasburg, low places 

 in the meadows between Hotzwihr and Massin-Ronga, the sides 

 of the road in the forest of Niederwald, by the sides of ditches in the 

 neighbourhood of Semland and Neuland, ditches near the Bruche, at 

 Mutzenheim, etc. Miss Fountaine found it in the marshy meadows of 

 the plain near Broussa, in September, 1903, always in the plain, where 

 the wet meadows were irrigated by ditches. She adds that the moist 

 meadows below the Kammerwald, where long grass, aquatic flowers 

 and reeds nourish, form the best locality near Budapest. Stentz also 

 records the insect as occurring on marshy meadows along the Eisack, in 

 the Tyrol district. Fleck says that, in Roumania, the species flies 

 everywhere in meadows, pastures, roadside ditches, etc., in numbers. 

 Rehfous says that at Glanon-sur-Saone it flies by the pondsides and 

 in marshy plains, and is never seen far therefrom. Young records it 

 as occurring in north Persia, one specimen being taken at a height of 

 above 9000ft. (Ent., iii., p. 72). 



[Localities. — Formerly locally abundant in a few places in the 

 English fens, but long since extinct. The localities were — Cambridge 

 (Haworth) : near Ely (Skrimshire), Whittlesea Mere (Standish). Hunts (Lewin) : 

 Yaxley Mere (Standish), Holme Fen (Stretton), Trundle Mere (Dale). Norfolk: 

 Bardolph Fen (Skrimshire teste Curtis). Suffolk : Benacre (teste Stephens).] 



Distribution. — Local and rare in western Europe, extending into 

 Mauretania, becoming commoner in the east and extending across 

 the Palrearctic area to the Pacific. Italy, southeast Europe, Bithynia, 

 Pontus, Armenia, Altai. [Africa — Algeria (Neuschild).] Asia :AsiaMinor (Rebel), 

 near Broussa (Fountaine), Armenia, Ladik, near Amasia {teste Buhl), Turkestan — 

 Taschkend, Lepsa (Hormuzaki), Chanat Kokan (teste Bii.nl), eastern Asia — Amur- 

 land, Pokrofka (Graeser), Baddefka (Christoph), Askold, Bikin, Sutschan (Domes), 

 Corea — Chang-Do, south of Gensan (Leech), Bungtung (Her/), Kansou — He-Tchen 

 (Alpheraky), Kouldja (teste Buhl), Altai mountains (teste Blachier), South Altai — 

 Kenderlik (Buckbeil). Austria: Local and rare — Banat, Transsylvania (teste 

 Bebel), Bohemia— near Zbirow (Speyer), Moravia — Barn, Bottalowitz (Fritsch), 

 Upper Austria — near Steyer rare (Brittinger), Lower Austria — Siegenfeld (teste 

 Speyer), near Vienna, in the Hinterbriihl, Dornbacher district (Rossi), Hemstein 

 district, the Grabenweg valley, in the Hals, local (Bogenhofer), Tyrol — Bozen, 

 Trient (Mann), in the lowlands, rare — Brixen (Hinterwaldner), Carniola (teste 

 Speyer), Dalmatia (Mann), Hungary — Szaar, Kavaran Szakul, Kammerwald 

 (Fountaine), Budapest, Budafok, the Adlersberg (Nicholson), Slavonia (Brit. Mus. 

 Coll.), Hermannstadt (teste Buhl), Bucovina (Hormuzaki), Peszar, Szeged, 



