Handbook of Paleontology 289 



(Sphenophycus latifolius, Dictyonema multiramosum, 

 Taeniaster schohariae, Saffordia ulrichi and the euryp- 

 terids in particular). 



The Black River or lower Trenton fauna in the Wap- 

 pinger terrane of southeastern New York has already 

 been discussed (p. 243). 



The Utica-Lorraine formations constitute the Upper 

 or Cincinnatian epoch of the Ordovician in New York 

 State. The group has its best development in Ohio and 

 Indiana, whence the name has its origin. The Utica shale 

 (Emmons, Vanuxem '42) derives its name from an ex- 

 posure in the creek east of the city of Utica in Oneida 

 county. This is a widespread formation, being especially 

 well-developed in the Mohawk valley and toward the St 

 Lawrence valley in the northwest. No exposures have 

 been found in eastern New York. The Utica shales are 

 black and gray argillaceous shales, sometimes with inter- 

 bedded gray sandstones, which in the type section attain 

 a thickness of nearly 800 feet. The Utica shale proper 

 contains three graptolite zones and in its broader concep- 

 tion (including the Atwater Creek and Deer River shales 

 that come in from the north) five graptolite zones (16- 

 20), namely, Climacograptus typicalis, Dicranograptus 

 nicholsoni, Climacograptus pygmaeus, Climacograptus 

 typicalis posterns and Glossograptus quadrimucronatus 

 typus. Besides the graptolites, characteristic forms of 

 this fauna are the brachiopod Leptobolus insignis, the 

 cephalopods Trocholites ammonius and Geisonoceras 

 tenuistriatum and the trilobites Isotelus gigas, Cryptoli- 

 thus tessellatus and Triarthrus eatoni (= becki, authors). 



The Lorraine beds include the Frankfort and Pulaski 

 shales. The name was taken from the village of Lorraine 

 in Jefferson county (Emmons '42) and was originally 

 used for all the beds above the supposed Utica in north- 



