Handbook of Paleontology 359 



and constituting the Portage beds which in western New 

 York and Virginia carry a characteristic fauna (Naples 

 fauna) of goniatites and pelecypods which has little in 

 common with the Hamilton but is well marked in many 

 parts of the world, having been traced by way of our 

 northwest through Manitoba into Siberia and thence 

 through Russia into Westphalia (Germany). In New 

 York it was an alien fauna. To the eastward it is re- 

 placed by the Ithaca fauna of Hamilton aspect. From 

 Chenango county eastward above the Ithaca beds are non- 

 marine beds of red and gray or greenish shales carrying 

 plant remains at intervals (Oneonta series) and capped by 

 a thick mass of sandstones, chiefly red beds (Catskill 

 beds) which represent a facies of the Upper Devonian, 

 beginning in early Portage time and continuing through 

 the Upper Devonian and even into early Mississippian 

 in Pennsylvania. These beds contain at some horizons 

 fresh or brackish water clams. They are believed to have 

 been deposited in a long and narrow estuary running 

 from eastern New York into Pennsylvania where they 

 have a thickness of over 3000 feet. To the west occur 

 the marine Chemung beds, a great mass of sandstones and 

 conglomerates which reach their maximum thickness in 

 Pennsylvania (3500 feet in central part) and thin greatly 

 westward. They rest upon the Portage (Naples) 

 beds in the western part of New York State, the Ithaca 

 beds in the central part and the Oneonta in the eastern. 

 In New York State the Upper Devonian beds of the east 

 are mainly continental, becoming increasingly red toward 

 the top, while in the west they are marine with no red 

 beds and in between intermediate conditions are seen. 

 The red Catskill beds spread west and progressively re- 

 place the marine Chemung beds. The subdivisions of the 



