Ferries and Bridges 181 



from him at an appraised value in the event of the ferry being 

 leased to another ferryman. The rates of ferriages were as 

 follows: 



For every passenger, two pence silver or sixpence wampum ; 

 for every ox or cow that shall be brought into the boat, eight 

 pence or twenty-four stivers; cattle under one year old, six- 

 pence, or eighteen stivers wampum ; all cattle that swam over 

 paid half price. At the tavern the charges were: meals, eight 

 pence; lodging, two pence; for keep of horse, four pence, or 

 twelve stivers wampum, provided the grass be in fence. 

 Government messages were to be carried free; and in consid- 

 eration of his maintaining houses on both sides of the river, 

 he was exempt from paying taxes on ' ' what wine or beer he may 

 retail in his house " for one year from the date of the agreement. 



The "wading place" has already been mentioned several 

 times. It was a natural ford through Spuyten Duyvil Creek 

 about where the bridge carries Broadway across the stream. 

 In ancient days, there was a tidal stream from Tippett's 

 Brook, about three quarters of a mile from its mouth, con- 

 necting with the Harlem River about where the Kingsbridge 

 station of the railroad is now located. This made, in con- 

 nection with Tippett's Brook and Spuyten Duyvil Creek, an 

 island, principally of low, marshy land with a rocky core, 

 which was known as Paparinaman, or Paparinemo. This 

 connecting creek has long since filled up by alluvial deposits ; 

 in fact, the whole stretch of land from the creek to the Van 

 Cortlandt mansion, and between Tetard's Hill on the east 

 and Tippett's Hill on the west, with the exception of the rocky 

 bluff over which Church Street runs, is also of alluvial deposit. 

 During the three years from 1901 to 1904, contractors were 

 engaged in laying a great trunk sewer on the line of Broadway, 

 and the deep excavations laid bare the several strata of this 



