(6 5 ) 



which was separated by throwing the berries into hot water, 

 when the wax melted and rose to the surface, where it was 

 skimmed off ; it is still used to some extent in making candles. 

 The birch family follows the willows on the east side of the 

 path; here are the hazel-nuts, the alders and the shrubby 

 birches; the common hazel-nut and the beaked hazel-nut, 

 both from North America, also the common hazel-nut or 

 filbert of Europe, and others; the smooth alder, common 

 along streams and in swamps, is also here. Following the 

 birch family on the same side of the path comes the beech 

 family; here may be found the shrubby oaks and the chin- 

 quapin of the southeastern United States. On the same side 

 of the path, a little farther along, is the elm family, repre- 

 sented by the dwarf elms; most of the members of this 

 family are trees and may therefore be found in the arboretum. 

 Immediately following this is the mulberry family, repre- 

 sented here by two specimens of the Tartarian mulberry. 

 At the triangle a little further on is the cercis-leaf family, 

 represented by the cercis-leaf (Cercidiphyllum) , a Japanese 

 tree, and known to the people there as katzoura; there are 

 three specimens of this, most attractive in the spring with 

 their tender greens flushed with rose. 



The crowfoot family occupies a space just to the north of 

 the willows west of the path, and is represented by the mou- 

 tan or tree peony, from China, and the shrub yellow-root 

 (Xanthorrhiza) , from the eastern United States ; its roots are 

 yellow, and at one time were employed as a dye; there are 

 many herbaceous members of this family at the herbaceous 

 grounds. The barberry family is a little farther north on 

 the same side of the path; many species of barberries and 

 mahonias occur here. Among the barberries may be men- 

 tioned: the common European barberry, the ripe fruit of 

 which is sometimes made into preserves, and the unripe ones 

 pickled as a substitute for capers — its bark is used as a dye 

 and for tanning leather; Thunberg's barberry, from Japan, 

 a desirable plant for small hedges and for the borders of 

 walks ; the neat barberry, from the Himalayan region, which 



