(77) 



the manufacture of furniture. The black, or sweet birch, 

 and the poplar-leaved birch are wild elsewhere in the Garden. 

 The alders are present in several species : the dye alder, of 

 Japan, which becomes a large tree; the Japanese alder, also 

 of Japan; the speckled, or hoary, alder, of north temperate 

 regions; and the European tree alder. 



The area devoted to the beech family lies to the westward 

 of that assigned to the walnut and birch families, and on both 

 sides of the road leading to the Lorillard mansion. The 

 oaks, the chestnuts and the beeches belong here. The oaks 

 {Quercus) are represented by many species. One of those to 

 the east of the road referred to above is the pinnatifid-leaved 

 oak, from Japan, with its odd leaves cut into long linear 

 lobes; it is said to be a form of the toothed oak of Japan. 

 Near by is the rock chestnut oak, of eastern North America ; 

 its wood is strong and durable, especially when in contact 

 with the soil, and is therefore of great value for railroad ties 

 and fence posts, and its bark is largely used for tanning. 

 The mossy-cup, or bur oak, also of eastern North America, 

 may be found here; this was discovered by the botanist 

 Michaux in 1795, and is a valuable timber tree, its wood 

 largely used for boat-building, for the manufacture of car- 

 riages and agricultural implements, for the interior finish of 

 houses, and, on account of its durability in contact with the 

 soil, for railroad ties. To the west of the road may be found 

 other oaks. The red oak and the swamp white oak are 

 natives of eastern North America; the latter is also a good 

 timber tree, its wood being used for cabinet work and in 

 various kinds of construction. The Japanese silkworm oak 

 forms a part of this collection ; its leaves are much like those 

 of the chestnut, and might easily be mistaken for them; it is 

 often planted in Japan in the silk districts, as its leaves are 

 available as food for the silkworms, whence its name; the 

 Japanese make charcoal from its wood, and from the bark 

 they extract a black dye. The post, or iron oak is a native 

 of the eastern United States. Here may be seen also the 

 sessile-flowered English oak, a native of Europe and western 



