164 



Chapter xix. Amusement of the child by the mother in Russia. 



Chapter xx. Accustoming the child to sit and to go on all fours. 



Chapter XXI. The upright position and walking. 



Chapter xxn. Importance of food. 



Chapter xxiii. Suckling among various peoples, ancient and modern. 



Chapter xxiv. Among the Russians. 



Chapter xxv. Among other peoples of Russia. 



Chapter xxvi. Ethnic mutilations of children : tattoo, depilation, piercing the nose, 

 the ears, the lips, or the cheeks ; filing and removing the teeth, castration, cir- 

 cumcision, and similar mutilations ; corset, Chinese feet, high-heeled boots, etc. 



Chapter xxvu. Games, sports, and amusements of children. 



Chapter xxviii. Treatment of the maladies of children among different peoples. 

 Popular child medicine in Russia, Germany, England, Switzerland, Dalmatia, 

 Kalmucks, Kirghiz, Caucasians, ancient Hindoos, Irauians, etc. 



Chapter xxix. Care relative to the corporeal development of children and the means 

 employed to toughen and fortify them ; seclusion of children, asceticism, horse- 

 manship, physical and warlike training of children among savages, etc. 



Chapter xxx. R61e played by animals in the education of man — cows, goats, dogs, 

 she wolves, apes, etc. 



Chapter xxxi. Physical education among the children of Russian peasants, and the 

 results. 



Chapter xxxn. Conclusions. 



ESKIMO CRADLES.* 



The Hyperboreans or Eskimos skirt the Arctic coast in Greenland, 

 Labrador, the islands north of Canada, at the mouth of the Mackenzie 

 Eiver, all around Alaska to Mount St. Elias. In all of these areas the 

 mother has the hood of her skin robe or parka made very large, so as 

 to carry therein her babe, which nestles around the mother's neck 

 secure from the cold. (Figs. 1 and 2.) The home life of the Hyperbo- 

 reans is more permanent in its character than that of the southern 

 Indians. There is provision made in the huts of the Eskimo for any 

 babies that may be present. 



The Indians contiguous to the Eskimo in Alaska and northeastern 

 Canada belong to the great Tinnean or Athapascan stock. They are 

 called Kutchin in Alaska, and in the basin of the Mackenzie River have 

 names ending with tena or dene, or an equivalent vocable. In the lan- 

 guage of the Hudson Bay fur traders they bear various titles, most of 



* Lyon, Capt. G. F. (Private Journal, i. e. of Parry's Arctic Ex., London, 1824, 

 8vo), remarks that the Eskimo women of Savage Islands had large hoods for the pur- 

 pose of carrying their young children stark naked against the back (p. 20). Of the 

 Eskimo in general he says that they have " slightly bowed" legs (p. 318). Their feat- 

 ures of the face are diversified in an extraordinary manner (p. 309). About a sixth 

 part * * * had high Roman noses (p. 310). Everywhere the hood answers the 

 purpose of a child's cradle (p. 315). 



Rink, Dr. Henry (Danish Greenland, London, 1877, 12mo) asserts that the exter- 

 nal curvature of the legs is general among Eskimo women of middle age, and that it 

 is due to the cramped position in which they sit on the ledge in the hut (p. 154). 



Heriot, G. (Travels through the Canadas, London, 1807, 4to) describes the "Eski- 

 maux" women of Newfoundland as having " their capuchins * * * much larger 



