ARTIFICIAL DEFORMATION OF CHILDREN. 233 



(p. 494). Throughout this work and the ethnological appendix by Keane, there are 

 no notices of distortion other than the above. On page 476 is a portrait of a "chief 

 of Vanitoro, Santa Cruz Islands," whose skull appears to have been compressed and 

 elevated by circular bandages. 



Pritchard W. T. (Polynesian Reminiscences. London, 1866. 8vo.) Without de- 

 scribing the process, he states the fact that the Tongaus, Samoans, and Fiji Islanders 

 have the custom "of squeezing the heads of infants into * * * a shape in con- 

 formity with their ideal of beauty" (p. 417). Remarks on contour of distorted skull 

 (pp. 427, 428). 



Martin, Dr. J. (An Account of the Natives of the Tonga Islands. London, 1818. 

 8vo) On Yule Island "children were carried in netted bags, resting on the backs of 

 the mothers, suspended by a cord that passed round the women's heads." (Vol. I, p. 

 202.) 



Buller, J. (Forty Years in New Zealand. London, 1878. 12mo.) Description of 

 nose-flattening and modification of shape of limbs by manipulation (pp. 215,216). 



Foster, Dr. J. R. (Observations made during a Voyage round the World. Loudon, 

 1778. 4to). Notice of an tero-posterior depression of skull in Mallicollo (pp. 242, 267, 268). 

 People of Tierra del Fuego, constantly in canoes, have "the legs bent, the knees large, 

 and the toes turned inwards" (pp. 251, 268). Remarks on nose-flattening in Tahiti 

 (pp. 593, 594). Says Hottentots and natives of Macassar have same custom (p. 594). 

 Foster describes the process of flattening the nose in Tahiti, and quotes his descrip- 

 tion of the process used by the Hottentots and in Macassar from Gomara, Historia 

 General de las Indias (pp. 593, 594). 



Turnbull, John (Voyage Round the World, London, 1813, 8vo) remarks that the 

 noses of the Otaheitans are " universally flat, occasioned by pressure during their in- 

 fancy" (p. 344). Nothing further said. 



Ellis, William. (Polynesian Researches. Loudon, 1829. 8vo.) "During the period 

 of infancy" in the Society and Caroline Islands "the children were seldom clothed, 

 and were generally laid or carried in a horizontal position. They were never confined 

 in bandages or wrapped in tight clothing." In Tahiti " the shape of the child's head" 

 and its features were carefully observed, and parents and nurses "often pressed or 

 spread out the nostrils of the females, as a flat nose was considered by them a mark 

 of beauty." (Vol. I, p. 343.) In Tahiti "the forehead and the back of the head of 

 the boys were pressed upwards, so that the upper part of the skull appeared in the 

 shape of a wedge. This, they said, was done to add to the terror of their aspect." 

 (Vol. i, p. 343.) 



In general remarks on the "South Sea Islanders," i. e., natives of the Georgian, So- 

 ciety, Caroline, "and adjacent isles," Ellis says they " are generally above the middle 

 stature," but their limbs are not correspondingly muscular, though " well formed." 

 In mountainous parts they have inturned feet and an "exceedingly awkward" gait, 

 from using the naked feet in climbing rocks and ravines. Except when distorted, 

 "the facial angle is frequently as perpendicular as in the European." Nose-flattening 

 is not so general as it was formerly, and the nose "is seldom flat," but "rectiliuear 

 or aquiline." (Vol. II, pp. 13-15.) The bed of the majority is a single mat. The 

 chiefs have many. The pillow is wooden. (Vol. n, p. 67.) 



On Carpentaria Gulf, Australia, the mothers flatten the nose of their young children 

 by pressing it with the hand on the point and laying the child on its face. 



Dr. Karl Scherzer. (Voyage of the Norara. London, 1863. 8vo. Vol.ni.) Opin- 

 ion that artificial flattening of occipital region prevails among women of Tahiti (p. 

 220). Remarks on artificial distortion of head on west coast of North and South 

 America (ibid., pp. 347,348,393). 



Wood, J. G. (Uncivilized Races of Men. Hartford, 1871. 8vo.) Occipital flatten- 

 ing and nose-flattening among the Tahitans, with description of the process (p. 1059). 

 United States Exploring Expedition, i, 339. Method of carrying children illus- 

 trated. 



