THE HUMAN BEAST OF BURDEN. 



285 



the water and the wine carrier. A load of this kind rests on no particu- 

 lar portion of the back, adjusting itself perfectly to head, neck, should- 

 ers, and back. 



The paternity of the modern knapsack appears in the carrying-basket 

 of Holland represented in the figure. (Figs. 39, 40.) This method of 



Fig. 39. 



German Woman carrying- basket with shoulder- 

 straps. 



(From a photograph in the U. S. National Museum.) 



Fig. 40. 



Holland Yoke, showing both hands and 

 scapulas used in carrying. 



(From a photograph in the U. S. National Museum.) 



hitching up the pack-woman can not be very ancient. It is not widely 

 spread among the aborigines of America, where the woman is the bearer 

 and the man goes on ahead to do the fighting or hunting. To all ap 

 pearances this is a sacrifice of great weight to the labor-saving scheme 

 of joining the bearer and the warrior in one individual. Hence the sol- 

 dier discards the head-strap or the breast-strap, and adopts the knap- 

 sack. (Fig. 41.) 



In an example of head-strap from Africa we have a repetition of one 

 from Montana, in which the pack-man becomes, as it were, his own driver. 

 He puts the sack, or bundle of fagots or what not, on the two lines 

 about the middle. He then backs up to his load, inserts his forehead 

 into the head-band, and seizing the lines by the outer ends rolls his 

 load upon his back. In the same manner grocers roll barrels of goods 

 up and down the cellar skids. (Fig. 42.) 



A very neat and ingenious framework for burden-bearing comes from 



