324 EEPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1887. 



"Among the Yocuts, whose dominion covers the Kern and Tulare 

 basins and the middle San Joaquin, etc., their money consists of the 

 usual shell buttons (liawock), and a string of them reaching from the 

 point of the middle finger to the elbow is valued at twenty-five cents." 



The use of hawok was quite general no doubt throughout central and 

 southern California, and to some extent much farther to the east. One 

 example* in the National Museum is from New Mexico. Hawok was 

 often made of much smaller size than the figures illustrate; as small as 

 the smaller beads or peage of the Atlantic coast and equally well fin- 

 ished, sometimes even neatly ornamented by serrating the edges,t 

 which must have been a difficult and painstaking work in beads so small. 

 Again we find cylindrical beads sometimes five inches in length, either 

 curved or straight, made from the heavy clam Tivela ; these we may re- 

 gard, however, rather as ornaments than money ; they have been found 

 in the graves on most of the islands in the Santa Barbara Channel, as 

 well as infrequently in similar situations on the mainland. 



KOL-KOL OR OLIYELLA SHELL MONEY. 



The periwinkles mentioned by Mr. Powers are Olivella shells of the 

 species known as 0. Mplicata, a form that is exceedingly abundant in 

 numerous places along the Californian coast. They were prepared by 

 simply rubbing or grinding off the apex, and were called col-col or Jwl- 

 Jcol. This form was strung in a double string, the shells lying mouth to 



Fig. 16. 

 Olivella biplicata. 



(Coast of California. From specimens in U. S. N. M. ) 



mouth, and it is stated were " slightly esteemed." This was no doubt 

 owing to the abundance of this species. They were, however, exten- 

 sively used for personal decoration, for they have been found in ancient 

 graves at various places in southern, central, and northern California 

 on the mainland, and also the islands in the Santa Barbara Chaunel.f 



* Museum number 9538. 



t Santa Barbara (15221) graves. See also specimens from San Miguel Island, 15768, 

 29127, 29129 ; Santa Rosa Island, 23696 ; Santa Cruz Island, 18190, 26253 ; Santa Bar- 

 bara, 20244; Dos Pueblos, 18773; Stockton, 32316. 



% u We found 0. biplicata in great numbers in the graves on San Miguel Island, many 

 of -which had been bored, seemingly for the purpose of stringing. I observed also 

 many of them with the apex ground off, so that a string might be readily passed 

 through lengthwise."— (W. G. W. Harford, 1876.) "The shell of Olivella biplicata Sby., 

 is also (or was) used as money, the writer having found them occasionally in the 

 ' mounds' of Contra Costa and Alameda Counties mixed with small flat disks described 

 above."— (Dr. L. G. Yates.) 



