38 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 



tigator in this country may easily come in contact with representatives of every 

 race — of every important strain of blood. At the same time he may study every 

 important grade in culture, from the savagery of some of the Indian tribes, through 

 the barbarism of others, up to the civilization and enlightenment represented by 

 the better part of our population. One of the consequences of this favorable con- 

 dition for study has been the stimulation of observation and the encouragement of 

 strictly scientific methods of research. Another result is found in the amassing of 

 trustworthy data in unequaled amount for comparative study. The general result 

 is expressed in extension and refinement of ethnic science, and to some extent in the 

 application of ethnology to practical affairs. 



The systemization of the science which results -from a consideration of its subject- 

 matter as exhibited in the operations of the Bureau was set forth somewhat fully in 

 the last report, and it is followed in the present report. The science for which the 

 Bureau was organized under the act of Congress treats but slightly of the somatic 

 characteristics of the native tribes of America. Its researches extend rather over 

 those characteristics exhibited by men in the tribal state as they are portrayed in 

 cultural elements. These elements of character arise in the methods pursued by 

 the tribesmen for the purpose of securing pleasure, welfare, justice, expression, and 

 opinion. The pursuits involve activities which are esthetic, industrial, govern- 

 mental, linguistic, and educational, and these give rise to the sciences of esthetology, 

 technology, sociology, philology, and sophiology. 



FIELD RESEARCH AND EXPLORATION. 



At the beginning of the fiscal year the Director was engaged in an examination 

 of certain shell mounds on the coast of Maine reconnoitered during the preceding 

 season. Limited collections were made, but the associations were noted with care 

 and compared with those characteristic of the Indians still living in the vicinity. 

 The work resulted in the complete identification of the mound, builders with the 

 tribes found on the same coast by white men early in the settlement of this country. 



During July Mr. F. W. Hodge repaired to Arizona, joining Dr. Fewkes during the 

 excavation of the ruins near Snowflake, south of Holbrook, and later accompanying 

 him to Tusayan for the purpose of gaining further insight into the summer ceremo- 

 nies of the Hopi Indians and additional knowledge of the ruins of their former 

 villages. Leaving Dr. Fewkes and Ms party late in August, he visited the remark- 

 able, but little-known, ruins on the mesas surrounding Cebollita Valley, about 35 

 miles south of Grant, N. Mex., making photographs of noteworthy features and 

 ground plans of some of the more interesting structures. After spending several 

 days in this work Mr. Hodge visited the pueblos of Laguna and Acoma, witnessing, 

 at the latter village, the interesting Fiesta de San Estevan, and, on September 3, 

 proceeded with his party to the widely known Mesa Encantada, some 3 miles from 

 Acoma, the traditional home of these Indians during prehistoric times. The pre- 

 cipitous height was climbed, the night was spent on the summit, and after carefully 

 examining its entire surface Mr. Hodge was successful in finding ample traces of 

 Indian occupancy at a remote period. He also found traces of an ancient pathway 

 leading toward the summit, and quantities of prehistoric ware in the talus, to 

 which it had evidently been washed from the summit of the mesa; accordingly he 

 was able to substantiate the essential features of an Acoma tradition. 



The beginning of the year found Dr. J. Walter Fewkes occupied in collecting 

 aboriginal material from a prehistoric ruin known as Kintiel, or Pueblo Grande, 

 located on an upper wash of the Colorado Chiquito, between Navaho station and 

 Ganado, in eastern central Arizona. Situated midway between the Tusayan and 

 Zuiii groups of pueblos, the origin of this ruin has for a number of years been 

 a problem to investigators in this field; but the researches of Dr. Fewkes show 

 quite conclusively that the art remains unearthed resemble more closely those of 

 Halona, Heshotauthla, and other ancient Zuiii villages tkaa those of the prehistoric 



