EEPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 39 



pueblos of Tusayan. Excavations were conducted in the cemeteries, as well as in 

 the ruin of the village, in each of which an interesting collection of pottery and 

 bone and stone implements was unearthed. 



Fully satisfied with the results at this point, Dr. Fewkes returned to the rail- 

 road, and from Holbrook proceeded to the vicinity of Pinedale, near the northern bor- 

 der of the White Mountain Apache Reservation, where another interesting collection 

 of objects was made. Although the ruins from Avhich they were recovered are more 

 remote from the present Tusayan villages than are those of Kintiel, they are more 

 closely similar in form and in symbolic decoration to ancient Tusayan art products 

 than are the specimens obtained from the latter place. 



Excavations were next conducted in an interesting ruin about 4 miles west of 

 Snowflake, which, like those of Pinedale, were hitherto unknown to archaeologists. 

 Eesearches at this point extended over a period of a fortnight, being conducted both 

 in the house ruins and in the cemeteries northward and southwestward thereof. An 

 unusually large collection of fictile ware, as well as a very interesting but smaller 

 collection of bone, stone, and shell objects, were here recovered. By the middle of 

 August Dr. Fewkes returned with his party to Holbrook, and proceeded thence to 

 the Tusayan villages, where he made observations supplementary to those conducted 

 in previous years in connection with the Snake Dance and related ceremonies. 



During September Dr. Fewkes visited that part of the upper Gila Valley called 

 Pueblo Viejo, and examined the exterior ruins in that region discovered and described 

 by Emory and Johnston in 1846. He conducted archaeological work in mounds near 

 Solomonville and San Jose de Pueblo Viejo, and collected several hundred objects 

 from these localities. These ruins were found to bear close architectural resemblance 

 to those near Phoenix and Tempe, and to indicate adobe houses with walls supported 

 by logs and stones, clustered about a central building which served for protection or 

 for ceremonial purposes. Pottery and other objects from these ruins were found to 

 be identical with those from near Casa Grande. It was discovered that the ancient 

 people of this valley sometimes buried their dead in their houses, but that the larger 

 number were cremated. The calcined houses and ashes of the latter were placed in 

 decorated jars and buried in pyral mounds. Remains of extensive prehistoric irri- 

 gating ditches, reservoirs, and terraced gardens show that the valley was extensively 

 farmed in ancient times, and the large number of ruined houses indicate an extensive 

 population. An instructive collection of pottery, beads, shells, and sacrificial objects 

 was obtained from a cave in the mountains north of Pueblo Viejo. 



During a part of his field season Dr. Fewkes had the aid of Mr. F. W„ Hodge, and 

 during the entire summer the assistance of -Dr. Walter Hough, of the United States 

 National Museum. The researches of Dr. Fewkes conducted during this summer 

 were remarkably successful both in the extent and value of the collections acquired 

 and in the archseologic and ethnologic data recorded. 



Toward the end of September Mr. James Mooney took the field in New Mexico, 

 Texas, and contiguous Mexican States for the purpose of collecting, among various 

 tribes, information additional to that obtained among the Kiowa and Kiowa- Apache 

 of Oklahoma concerning the primitive rites in which peyote, more popularly known 

 as '"mescal," is used as a narcotic and stimulant. Incidentally to this work, Mr. 

 Mooney made a brief visit to a series of interesting pueblo ruins, attributed to the 

 neighboring Tewa Indians, on a mesa 12 miles westward from Espanola, above 

 Santa F6, on the Rio Grande, in New Mexico. These remains are of considerable 

 local repute, bnt thus far they have not been seriously excavated. 



The Jicarilla Apache, numbering 850 on a reservation in northern New Mexico, 

 were the next object of Mr. Mooney's attention. This tribe formerly roamed over 

 the section eastward of the mountains of New Mexico, on the head waters of Arkansas 

 and Canadian rivers, but affiliated with the Ute rather than with the plains tribes. 

 It was found that they knew of the peyote only through temporary association with 

 the Mescalero a few years ago when the two tribes were for a time on one reserva- 

 tion. The Mescalero Apache, numbering 450 on a reservation in southeastern New 



