THE TUNDRAS AND STEPPES OF PREHISTORIC EUROPE. 333 



charcoal and ashes, burnt and calcined bones, together with worked 

 flints, bones, and ivory. Among 1 the animal remains are those of mam- 

 moth, woolly rhinoceros, musk ox, reindeer, elk, horse, lion, glutton, 

 bear, wolf, arctic fox, common fox, and hyena. Nor is it only in the 

 loss that we have human relics associated with the tundra and steppe 

 faunas. Similar finds have been recorded from many caves and rock 

 shelters, of which we may take the rock shelter of the Schweizersbild, 

 near Schafthausen, as a good example. The deposits at that place show 

 a clear succession, and tell a highly interesting tale. The following is 

 the sequence, the beds being numbered from below upward : 



6. Humus bed. 



5. Gray relic bed. 



4. Breccia bed, with upper rodent bed. 

 , 3. Yellow relic bed. 



2. Lemming bed. 



1. Gravel bed. 

 With the lowest bed (No. 1) we need not at present concern ourselves, 

 beyond remarkiug that it is obviously of fluviatile origin. All the over- 

 lying beds are clearly of subaerial formation — the flooded torrential 

 water, which laid down the gravel bed (No. 1), had left the rock shelter 

 high and dry before the succeeding lemming bed began to accumulate. 

 This latter is a yellowish earth, charged with fragments of limestone 

 detached by the weather from the overhanging rock. Scattered 

 through this earth are abundant remains of arctic lemming, arctic fox, 

 mountain hare, reindeer, glutton, and a number of other forms which 

 are constant summer visitors to the tundras. The banded lemming is 

 the most plentifully represented species, and next to it in abundance 

 comes the alpine hare. In close association with this tundra fauna 

 occur flint implements, and awls, chisels, harpoons, and needles of bone 

 and horn. Only one old hearth, with its ashes, was encountered, and 

 from the fact that no calcined bones were met with, while the number of 

 worked bones and antlers was relatively small, it may be inferred that 

 man was not a persistent occupant of the rock shelter during the slow 

 accumulation of the lemming bed. The same conclusion is suggested by 

 the occurrence, especially in the upper part of the bed, of abundant 

 traces of various birds of prey, which appear to have been able to nest 

 undisturbed on the rock and in its crevices. 



It can not be doubted, therefore, that during the formation of the 

 lemming bed an arctic climate reigned in north Switzerland. Toward 

 the upper part of that bed, however, we find evidence to show that 

 tundra conditions were gradually passing away. This is indicated by 

 the fact that some of the tundra animals, so common in the lower part 

 of the stratum, become scarcer, and at last cease to appear, while at 

 the same time a few representatives of the subarctic steppe fauna 

 enter upon the scene. 

 The next succeeding stratum (yellow relic bed) proved to be rich in 



