446 



PITHECANTHROPUS ERECTUS. 



Java, at Triuil, in the Ngawa district of the Madiun Kesidency, a great 

 number of fossil skeletal parts of other vertebrate animals belonging to 

 the same species as those found by me during five years of researches 

 at many other places in the same strata, which lie exposed over some 

 hundreds of square kilometers. To judge from the uplifting which 

 these strata have undergone, in the course of which they have all been 

 tilted (at Trinil about 5 degrees south), and also from other geological 

 evidence, they are older than the Pleistocene, apparently older than the 

 early Pliocene. They are of a iiuviatile character, and lie, more than 



Fig. I. — Section of the ossiferous strata at Trinil 



A, area of growing plants; B, soft sandstone; Cj lapilli stratum; D, level at which the skeletal 

 remains were found; E, conglomerate; F, argillaceous layer; G, marine breccia: H, wet-season level 

 of the river; I, dry-season level of the river. 



350 meters thick, unconformably, upon marine strata, which K. Martin, 

 in Leyden, has determined as Pliocene. 



According to the fauna, also, as far as I have been able to study it 

 up to this time, it is highly probable that the strata are early Pliocene. 

 This fauna is very similar to the fossil vertebrate fauna of western 

 India, but appears to be younger than the Siwalik fauna of the early 

 Miocene or later Pliocene and somewhat older than the fauna of Nar- 

 bada, which has been placed in the earliest Pleistocene. 



At the place where the remains were discovered at Trinil the strata, 

 everywhere composed of volcanic tufa, lie exposed in the cliff-like decliv- 



