PITHECANTHROPUS ERECTUS. 447 



ity of the bank of a river of considerable size, the Bengawan, or Solo. 

 They usually consist here of a sandstone of slight consistency which, in 

 its deeper layers, at about the level of the river during the dry season, 

 becomes coarser and coarser as more and more lapilli or volcanic 

 stones form part of its composition. The bones are found throughout 

 the entire thickness of the sandstone strata, being very numerous in 

 the lower half, and most so in the stratum, about 1 meter thick, in 

 which the lapilli are found. In the conglomerate which lies under this 

 I found but few, and none at all in the subjacent argillaceous layer. 



The four fragments of the skeleton of Pithecanthropus were found in 

 different years, because, on account of the rise in the river during every 

 rainy season, the excavations were necessarily suspended and could not 

 be resumed until the next dry season. Besides, in the same working 

 season one fragment was found later than the other, because the stone 

 had to be removed cautiously in layers and by marked-off areas. 



The four fragments were, however, found at exactly the same level in 

 the entirely untouched lapilli stratum (fig. 1). They were therefore 

 deposited at the same time; that is to say, they are of the same age. 

 The teeth were distant from the skull from 1 to, at most, 3 meters; the 

 femur was 15 meters away. The quite sharp relief of their surface does 

 not support the theory that they have been washed out from some older 

 layer and then embedded for a second time. They were found at the place 

 of their original deposit. Besides they all show exactly the same state of 

 preservation and of petrefaction as do all other bones that have been 

 taken from this particular stratum at Trinil. 1 Their specific gravity 

 (sp. gr. of compact tissue=2.456) is much greater than that of unpetri- 

 fied bones (sp. gr. of compact tissue= 1.930). The femur weighs 1 kilo- 

 gram, therefore considerably more than double the weight of a recent 

 human femur of the same size; the medullary cavity is partly filled 

 with a stony mass. The eroded upper surface which the skullcap and 

 not the femur shows occurred in the bed where it was found, appear- 

 ing on many .bones excavated near the skullcap, and is caused by 

 infiltration of water through the cliff at that place. 



Associated with these bones I also found very numerous remains of 

 a small axis like species of Gervus, frequently, also, the remains of 

 Stegodon. Farther away were found Bubalus, apparently identical with 

 the Siwalik species, Leptobos, Boselaphus, Rhinoceros, Felis, Sus, 

 Hyaena, that all appear to be of new species. Of species found in 

 other situations of the same stratum I will mention a gigantic Manis, 

 more than three times the length of the existing Javanese species; a 

 Hippopotamus, belonging to the same subspecies, He.vaprotodon, as the 

 forms from the Siwalik and Narbada strata of western India. 



Upon the evidence of these remains I determined that the four skeletal 



1 The color of the femur is also of the same chocolate brown as that of the cal- 

 varium. The latter appears to be somewhat different because it has been prepared 

 with varnish for taking a cast. 



